Burnout Theory
Maslach, C. & Jackson, S. E. · 1981
別名: CBI Burnout Model
Burnout is defined as a syndrome arising from chronic unmanaged workplace stress, with three components: exhaustion (depletion of emotional and physical energy), cynicism or depersonalisation (mental distancing from and negative attitudes toward the work and its recipients), and reduced professional efficacy. The three-component structure is what distinguishes burnout from ordinary fatigue or from depression: the defining feature is not tiredness alone but tiredness accompanied by withdrawal from work that once mattered. Burnout is an occupational phenomenon, not a medical diagnosis.
Theory of burnout as a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion resulting from prolonged exposure to demanding situations, distinguishing personal burnout (general fatigue), work-related burnout (attributed to work), and client-related burnout (attributed to client interaction).
- 出典:
- Kristensen, T. S., Borritz, M., Villadsen, E., & Christensen, K. B. (2005). The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work & Stress, 19(3), 192-207.
- デジタルオブジェクト識別子 — ジャーナル記事への直接リンク。:
- 10.1080/02678370500297720
この理論に基づいて構築された検証済みテストを受ける
構成概念について読むことは何であるかを教えてくれます。検証済み測定具はそこでの自分の位置を教えてくれます。無料で受けられ、数分で結果が出ます。
エビデンス概要
- 実証的サポート
- 中程度のエビデンス
- 再現性
- 十分に再現
- 異文化
- ほぼ普遍的
- メタ分析
- 22件索引済み
これらの評価は、理論に関する公開文献を要約したもので、それに基づいて構築された個々のテストの品質ではありません。以下に記載された出典に基づく編集判断であり、エビデンスが蓄積されるにつれて変化します。
歴史的背景
Freudenberger described burnout among free-clinic staff in 1974 and Maslach developed it into a measurable construct, publishing the Maslach Burnout Inventory with Jackson in 1981. The original instrument was built for human-services work, and later general and student versions extended its range. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory and the Oldenburg inventory offered alternative structures. The World Health Organization included burnout in ICD-11 in 2019 as an occupational phenomenon explicitly not classified as a medical condition — a distinction routinely misreported as burnout having been recognised as a disease.
構成概念
個人的バーンアウト
Physical and psychological fatigue and exhaustion experienced by the person, independent of work or client contexts (Kristensen et al., 2005).
仕事関連バーンアウト
Physical and psychological fatigue and exhaustion perceived as attributed to one's work (Kristensen et al., 2005).
クライアント関連バーンアウト
Physical and psychological fatigue and exhaustion perceived as attributed to working with clients, patients, or other people served (Kristensen et al., 2005).
機器
- NOESIS Burnout ScaleNOESIS2026
この理論に基づくテスト
実践的応用
Burnout measurement is standard in occupational health surveillance, particularly in healthcare, education and social services, where it predicts turnover intention, absenteeism and, in clinical settings, patient safety indicators. Because burnout is defined as arising from workplace conditions, the evidence supports organizational interventions — workload, control, reward, community, fairness and values — over individual resilience training, which shows smaller and less durable effects. For individual use it is best read as feedback about a job situation rather than about a person.
測定方法
Measured with self-report frequency ratings across three subscales reported separately; no validated diagnostic cutoff exists, so scores are interpreted against occupational reference groups.
批評と制限事項
The overlap with depression is the central unresolved problem: exhaustion in particular correlates with depressive symptoms at levels that lead some researchers, notably Bianchi and colleagues, to argue burnout is not distinguishable from depression at all. There is no consensus cutoff for caseness, so prevalence estimates in the literature vary wildly with the arbitrary threshold chosen. The three dimensions have quite different correlates and the reduced-efficacy dimension often behaves as a separate construct. Competing instruments define the syndrome differently, which makes cross-study comparison unreliable.
主要文献
- Maslach, C. & Jackson, S. E.. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. 10.1002/job.4030020205
- Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B. & Leiter, M. P.. (2001). Job burnout. 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
- Bianchi, R., Schonfeld, I. S. & Laurent, E.. (2015). Burnout-depression overlap: A review. 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.004