Perceived Stress Theory
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. & Mermelstein, R. · 1983
別名: PSS Model · Cohen Stress
Perceived stress theory holds that stress is not a property of events but of the relationship between demands and appraised capacity to cope. What matters for health outcomes is the degree to which a person finds their life unpredictable, uncontrollable and overloaded — not how many stressful events an objective checklist records. This is why two people facing the same circumstances can differ enormously in stress response, and why perceived stress measures generally outperform life-event inventories in predicting health outcomes.
Theory that stress is determined not by objective events but by the degree to which one appraises situations as unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloading. Perceived stress reflects the gap between demands and coping resources, yielding two factors: perceived helplessness and perceived self-efficacy.
- 出典:
- Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396.
- デジタルオブジェクト識別子 — ジャーナル記事への直接リンク。:
- 10.2307/2136404
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エビデンス概要
- 実証的サポート
- 強力なエビデンス
- 再現性
- 十分に再現
- 異文化
- ほぼ普遍的
- メタ分析
- 15件索引済み
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歴史的背景
The appraisal principle comes from Lazarus and Folkman's transactional model, developed through the 1960s and 1970s against the then-dominant life-events tradition of Holmes and Rahe, which assigned fixed stress weights to events regardless of who experienced them. Cohen, Kamarck and Mermelstein operationalised the appraisal principle in 1983 with the Perceived Stress Scale, which asks about feelings of unpredictability, uncontrollability and overload during the last month. The PSS became one of the most-used instruments in health psychology, with 10-item and 4-item forms in wide circulation.
構成概念
知覚された無力感
The degree to which life situations are appraised as unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloading — the core stressor component of perceived stress (Cohen et al., 1983).
知覚された自己効力感
The degree to which one feels able to handle problems, control important things, and manage irritations — the coping resource component of perceived stress (Cohen et al., 1983).
機器
- NOESIS Perceived Stress ScaleNOESIS2026
この理論に基づくテスト
実践的応用
Perceived stress predicts susceptibility to infectious illness in controlled viral-exposure studies, wound healing, cardiovascular outcomes and depression onset, and is a standard covariate and outcome across behavioural medicine. It is used to evaluate stress-management and mindfulness interventions. For individual self-knowledge, its one-month window makes it a state measure: a high score describes a current period, not a durable personal characteristic, which is an important framing difference from trait measures.
測定方法
Measured with a short self-report Likert scale (PSS-10) about the last month, producing one summed score with reverse-scored positive items; interpreted against demographic norms, not a clinical cutoff.
批評と制限事項
Perceived stress correlates strongly with neuroticism and with depressive symptoms — high enough that critics question whether it measures appraisal or negative affectivity, and whether its prediction of depression is partly criterion contamination. The scale's two-factor structure (positively and negatively worded items) is a well-documented method artefact rather than substantive content. The one-month window is also often ignored in practice, with scores reported as if they were traits. Cross-cultural equivalence of the reverse-worded items in particular is imperfect.
主要文献
- Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. & Mermelstein, R.. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. 10.2307/2136404
- Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S.. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping.
- Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. & Smith, A. P.. (1991). Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. 10.1056/NEJM199108293250903