Transactional Model of Coping
Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. · 1984
別名: Lazarus & Folkman Coping
The transactional model defines coping as the changing cognitive and behavioural efforts a person makes to manage demands appraised as taxing or exceeding their resources. Two appraisals drive the process: primary appraisal asks whether the situation is threatening, and secondary appraisal asks what can be done about it. Coping efforts divide broadly into problem-focused strategies aimed at the situation and emotion-focused strategies aimed at the distress. The model's key claim is that neither family is inherently better — fit matters, with problem-focused coping suiting controllable situations and emotion-focused coping suiting uncontrollable ones.
Model defining coping as cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage demands appraised as taxing or exceeding personal resources. Distinguishes problem-focused (changing the situation) and emotion-focused (managing emotional response) strategies, with no strategy being universally adaptive.
- 出典:
- Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer.
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エビデンス概要
- 実証的サポート
- 強力なエビデンス
- 再現性
- 十分に再現
- 異文化
- ほぼ普遍的
- メタ分析
- 17件索引済み
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歴史的背景
Lazarus developed the appraisal framework from the 1960s onward against both the stimulus-based life-events tradition and the psychoanalytic view of coping as fixed defence style. The 1984 book Stress, Appraisal, and Coping consolidated the transactional account and established coping as a process that changes within and across episodes. The Ways of Coping Questionnaire operationalised it, and Carver, Scheier and Weintraub's 1989 COPE inventory and its later Brief-COPE refined the taxonomy into more specific strategies, which is the form most used today.
構成概念
自己注意転換
Turning to other activities — work, entertainment, daydreaming — to take one's mind off a stressor (Carver, 1997). Within the transactional model of coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) it manages the emotional response rather than the situation, offering relief without changing the demand.
積極的対処
Taking concrete steps to remove or reduce a stressor, concentrating effort on doing something about the situation (Carver, 1997). A problem-focused strategy in the transactional model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984); it relates to lower distress in adjustment research (Carver, 1997).
否認
Refusing to believe that the stressor is real, or acting as if it has not happened (Carver, 1997). An avoidance-oriented strategy that relates to higher distress in adjustment research (Carver, 1997).
物質使用
Using alcohol or other substances to feel better or to get through the situation (Carver, 1997). An emotion-focused avoidance strategy; heavy reliance on it is the coping pattern most often flagged as warranting attention.
情緒的サポート
Seeking comfort, understanding, and moral support from other people (Carver, 1997). An emotion-focused use of one's social network, distinct from instrumental support, which seeks help with the problem itself.
道具的サポート
Seeking advice, information, or practical help from other people about what to do (Carver, 1997). The problem-focused counterpart of emotional support: the network is used to act on the situation rather than to feel better about it.
行動的離脱
Giving up the attempt to deal with the stressor, or abandoning the goals it interferes with (Carver, 1997). It relates to higher distress in adjustment research (Carver, 1997).
発散
Expressing negative feelings and letting emotions out to relieve distress (Carver, 1997). An emotion-focused strategy: it can release pressure without in itself addressing the demand that produced it.
肯定的再解釈
Reinterpreting the situation in a more positive light, looking for something good in what is happening (Carver, 1997). A meaning-changing strategy that relates to lower distress in adjustment research (Carver, 1997).
計画
Thinking about how to confront the stressor and devising a strategy before acting (Carver, 1997). A problem-focused strategy and the close companion of active coping: one prepares the action, the other carries it out.
ユーモア
Making jokes about the situation or treating it with lightness to reduce its weight (Carver, 1997). An emotion-focused strategy that changes the stance toward the stressor rather than the stressor itself.
受容
Accepting the reality of the situation and learning to live with it (Carver, 1997). Within the transactional model, strategies are evaluated by their fit to the situation rather than as universally good or bad (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), and acceptance is the strategy addressed to what cannot be changed.
宗教/精神性
Turning to religious or spiritual beliefs and practices in search of comfort and guidance (Carver, 1997). It can function both as emotional support and as a source of meaning for the situation.
自責
Criticizing and blaming oneself for what happened (Carver, 1997). It relates to higher distress in adjustment research (Carver, 1997), which distinguishes it from taking responsibility as a step toward action.
機器
- NOESIS Coping Strategies ScaleNOESIS2026
この理論に基づくテスト
実践的応用
The model underpins stress-management training and cognitive-behavioural interventions, both of which target appraisal as well as behaviour. In chronic illness and caregiving research it explains why encouraging problem-solving can backfire in situations that are genuinely uncontrollable. In occupational health it informs the distinction between interventions that change the work and interventions that change the worker. For self-knowledge the useful output is a strategy profile matched against controllability, rather than a single coping-effectiveness score.
測定方法
Measured with self-report inventories (Brief-COPE and successors) listing specific strategies rated for use in a defined situation or period; reported as a strategy profile, never as a single coping-quality score.
批評と制限事項
The problem-focused versus emotion-focused dichotomy is too coarse — emotion-focused lumps together adaptive strategies such as reappraisal with maladaptive ones such as denial and substance use, which is why finer taxonomies replaced it. Retrospective coping questionnaires ask people to recall what they did, and such recall is reconstructive and mood-congruent. Because coping is by definition situational, trait-style coping inventories sit uneasily with the theory they derive from. The literature is also largely correlational, so whether coping causes outcomes or reflects them is often unresolved.
主要文献
- Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S.. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping.
- Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F. & Weintraub, J. K.. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. 10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
- Carver, C. S.. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: Consider the Brief COPE. 10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6