Klasifikasi Kekuatan Karakter Values in Action
Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P. · 2004
Juga dikenali sebagai: VIA-IS · Character Strengths · Values in Action · VIA Character Strengths · Values in Action Character Strengths
Klasifikasi Values in Action (VIA) mengenal pasti 24 kekuatan watak yang disusun di bawah enam kebajikan luas: kebijaksanaan, keberanian, kemanusiaan, keadilan, kesederhanaan dan transendensi. Dibangunkan sebagai padanan psikologi positif kepada DSM, ia terhasil daripada projek tiga tahun yang melibatkan 55 saintis sosial yang menyemak tulisan falsafah, agama dan psikologi sepanjang 2,500 tahun. VIA Survey telah dilengkapkan oleh berjuta-juta orang di seluruh dunia dan penyelidikan secara konsisten mengaitkan kekuatan seperti harapan, semangat, kesyukuran, kasih sayang dan sifat ingin tahu dengan kepuasan hidup.
Pengelasan 24 kekuatan karakter yang disusun di bawah 6 kebaikan teras, dibangunkan sebagai padanan psikologi positif kepada taksonomi diagnostik klinikal.
- Sumber:
- Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
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Bukti secara ringkas
- Sokongan empirikal
- Bukti sederhana
- Replikasi
- Direplikasi sebahagiannya
- Rentas budaya
- Sebahagian besarnya universal
- Meta-analisis
- 15 diindeks
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Konteks Sejarah
Klasifikasi VIA muncul daripada penubuhan psikologi positif sebagai disiplin formal oleh Martin Seligman pada tahun 2000, bersama Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Seligman dan Christopher Peterson mengetuai semakan sistematik terhadap tradisi kebajikan merentasi falsafah, teologi dan psikologi sepanjang 2,500 tahun untuk mengenal pasti kekuatan watak yang dihargai secara sejagat. Buku panduan 'Character Strengths and Virtues' pada tahun 2004 direka secara jelas sebagai padanan positif kepada klasifikasi gangguan mental DSM, mengalihkan perhatian saintifik daripada kekurangan kepada kekuatan.
Konstruk
Penghargaan terhadap Keindahan
The character strength of noticing and being moved by beauty and excellence — in nature, in art, and in skilled performance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It describes being interrupted by something well made, not taste or knowledge about art.
Keupayaan untuk Menyayangi
The character strength of valuing close relationships and being able both to give and to receive affection and care (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The receiving side is often the harder half: accepting care means letting someone else matter that much.
Kewarganegaraan/Kerja Berpasukan
The character strength of loyalty to a group and pulling one's weight in something collective (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not sociability — it often shows up in people who dislike parties — and a low score can mean independence rather than distance.
Sifat Ingin Tahu
The character strength of taking interest in ongoing experience for its own sake — the breadth of appetite for the new (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It sits close to love of learning without being the same: curiosity opens the door, love of learning keeps a person in the room.
Kesaksamaan/Keadilan
The character strength of treating all people the same according to notions of fairness and justice, without letting personal feelings bias decisions about others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real test is consistency under pressure: whether the rules bend for people one likes or dislikes.
Sifat Pemaaf/Belas Kasihan
The character strength of forgiving those who have done wrong and giving people a second chance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about what happens after being hurt: whether the account closes or stays open.
Kesyukuran
The character strength of being aware of and thankful for the good things that happen (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is a habit of noticing rather than a mood, and it is one of the strengths that tends to move with practice.
Harapan/Optimisme
The character strength of expecting the best in the future and working to achieve it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is expectation, not cheerfulness: a default forecast that leans favorable, as opposed to rehearsing the bad outcome.
Humor/Sifat Suka Bermain
The character strength of liking to laugh and to bring smiles to other people — producing lightness, not merely appreciating it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its clearest expression is producing it when things are grim.
Ketekunan/Kegigihan
The character strength of finishing what one starts and persisting in a course of action despite obstacles (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most likely to be praised by others and least likely to be enjoyed by its owner.
Integriti/Kejujuran
The character strength of speaking the truth and presenting oneself in a genuine way (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real content is the expensive case: keeping one's word, and the truth, when doing so costs something.
Pertimbangan/Keterbukaan Fikiran
The character strength of thinking things through, examining them from all sides, and weighing evidence before deciding (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberation rather than intelligence: the disposition to slow down and look for the other side on purpose.
Kebaikan/Kemurahan Hati
The character strength of doing favors and good deeds for others as a disposition rather than a transaction (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). What separates the two is patience with other people's problems and kindness that does not keep score.
Kepimpinan
The character strength of encouraging a group to get things done while maintaining good relations within it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about making a group work, not about authority or being in front.
Cinta akan Pembelajaran
The character strength of mastering new skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge for their own sake, outside any requirement (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It differs from curiosity in duration: curiosity opens the door, this strength keeps the person in the room.
Kesederhanaan/Kerendahan Hati
The character strength of letting one's accomplishments speak for themselves (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not low self-regard: the question is whether accomplishments need an audience, and a low score is not arrogance — some people simply enjoy being seen.
Keaslian/Kreativiti
The character strength of thinking of novel and productive ways to do things (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is appetite for doing things differently rather than artistic talent; contentment with the method that already works is a preference, not a deficit.
Perspektif/Kebijaksanaan
The character strength of being able to provide wise counsel and to see the world in a way that makes sense to oneself and others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is largely confirmed from the outside — by whether people bring their hard questions to the person.
Sifat Berhemah
The character strength of being careful about one's choices and considering consequences before acting (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). A low score is not carelessness: liking risk is a preference, not a failure to notice that it exists.
Regulasi Kendiri
The character strength of regulating what one feels and does — discipline over appetites and impulses, and the ability to forgo a present pleasure for a future good (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength people most often wish were higher.
Kecerdasan Sosial/Emosi
The character strength of being aware of the motives and feelings of other people and knowing what to say and do in social situations (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the reading, not what is done with it — it is not the same as warmth and does not have to be used kindly.
Kerohanian
The character strength of holding coherent beliefs about a higher purpose and the meaning of life (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberately wide, covering religious belief and a secular sense of purpose alike; a low score describes a worldview, not a deficiency in one.
Keberanian/Kegagahan
The character strength of not shrinking from threat, challenge, or difficulty, and of speaking up for what is right even when it costs (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The price is what separates it from simply having opinions.
Semangat/Kecergasan
The character strength of approaching life with excitement and energy — feeling alive and activated (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most tied to physical state, so a low reading is worth interpreting alongside sleep, health, and recent months rather than as a fixed trait.
Instrumen
- Skala Pendek IPIP-VIA-R(IPIP-VIA-R)Bluemke, Partsch, Saucier & Lechner2021
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Aplikasi Praktikal
Klasifikasi VIA digunakan secara meluas dalam bimbingan, terapi dan pendidikan untuk membantu individu mengenal pasti dan memanfaatkan kekuatan utama mereka bagi kesejahteraan dan prestasi yang lebih baik. Intervensi berasaskan kekuatan telah menunjukkan kesan yang signifikan terhadap kesejahteraan dan pengurangan kemurungan dalam populasi klinikal dan bukan klinikal. Rangka kerja ini juga digunakan dalam pembangunan organisasi, program kaunseling sekolah dan intervensi kesihatan komuniti merentasi pelbagai konteks budaya.
Cara Ia Diukur
24 kekuatan dikenal pasti melalui semakan pakar terhadap tradisi falsafah, agama dan psikologi, bukannya melalui analisis faktor empirikal, yang sebahagiannya menjelaskan ketidakpadanan antara struktur teori enam kebajikan dengan penyelesaian faktor empirikal.
Kritikan & Batasan
Kritikan yang paling berterusan berkaitan struktur faktor: walaupun 24 kekuatan dipetakan kepada enam kebaikan, analisis faktor empirikal lazimnya memperoleh tiga hingga lima faktor dan bukannya struktur enam kebaikan yang dicadangkan, sekali gus melemahkan asas teorinya. VIA Survey dikritik kerana susunan kata item yang bersifat idiomatik yang mengancam kebolehterjemahan rentas budaya dan menyumbang kepada keputusan analisis faktor yang tidak konsisten merentas adaptasi bahasa. Beberapa kekuatan, seperti semangat, kecerdasan sosial, keadilan, harapan dan humor, menunjukkan muatan faktor yang agak rendah atau tersebar, menimbulkan persoalan tentang keunikannya sebagai konstruk yang berasingan.
Penerbitan Utama
- Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
- Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Strengths of Character and Well-Being. 10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748
- Niemiec, R. M.. (2013). VIA Character Strengths: Research and Practice (The First 10 Years). 10.1007/978-94-007-4611-4_2
- McGrath, R. E.. (2015). Character Strengths in 75 Nations: An Update. 10.1080/17439760.2014.888580
- Seligman, M. E. P. & Csikszentmihalyi, M.. (2000). Positive Psychology: An Introduction. 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5