VIA性格の強み分類
Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P. · 2004
別名: VIA-IS · Character Strengths · Values in Action · VIA Character Strengths · Values in Action Character Strengths
VIA(Values in Action)分類は、6つの広範な美徳(知恵、勇気、人間性、正義、節制、超越)の下に組織された24の性格の強みを特定します。DSMのポジティブ心理学的対応物として開発され、2,500年にわたる哲学的、宗教的、心理学的著作をレビューした55人の社会科学者による3年間のプロジェクトの成果です。VIA調査は世界中で数百万人が完了しており、研究は希望、活力、感謝、愛、好奇心などの強みと人生満足度との一貫した関連を示しています。
6つのコア美徳の下に組織された24の性格の強みの分類で、臨床診断分類法のポジティブ心理学的対応物として開発されました。
- 出典:
- Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
この理論に基づいて構築された検証済みテストを受ける
構成概念について読むことは何であるかを教えてくれます。検証済み測定具はそこでの自分の位置を教えてくれます。無料で受けられ、数分で結果が出ます。
エビデンス概要
- 実証的サポート
- 中程度のエビデンス
- 再現性
- 部分的に再現
- 異文化
- ほぼ普遍的
- メタ分析
- 15件索引済み
これらの評価は、理論に関する公開文献を要約したもので、それに基づいて構築された個々のテストの品質ではありません。以下に記載された出典に基づく編集判断であり、エビデンスが蓄積されるにつれて変化します。
歴史的背景
VIA分類は、Martin SeligmanがMihaly Csikszentmihalyiとともに2000年にポジティブ心理学を正式な学問分野として創設したことから生まれました。SeligmanとChristopher Petersonは、2,500年にわたる哲学、神学、心理学の美徳の伝統を体系的にレビューし、普遍的に評価される性格の強みを特定しました。2004年のハンドブック「Character Strengths and Virtues」は、DSMの精神障害分類のポジティブな対応物として明確に設計され、科学的注目を欠陥から強みへと転換しました。
構成概念
美的鑑賞
The character strength of noticing and being moved by beauty and excellence — in nature, in art, and in skilled performance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It describes being interrupted by something well made, not taste or knowledge about art.
愛する力
The character strength of valuing close relationships and being able both to give and to receive affection and care (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The receiving side is often the harder half: accepting care means letting someone else matter that much.
市民性/チームワーク
The character strength of loyalty to a group and pulling one's weight in something collective (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not sociability — it often shows up in people who dislike parties — and a low score can mean independence rather than distance.
好奇心
The character strength of taking interest in ongoing experience for its own sake — the breadth of appetite for the new (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It sits close to love of learning without being the same: curiosity opens the door, love of learning keeps a person in the room.
公正性
The character strength of treating all people the same according to notions of fairness and justice, without letting personal feelings bias decisions about others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real test is consistency under pressure: whether the rules bend for people one likes or dislikes.
許し/慈悲
The character strength of forgiving those who have done wrong and giving people a second chance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about what happens after being hurt: whether the account closes or stays open.
感謝
The character strength of being aware of and thankful for the good things that happen (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is a habit of noticing rather than a mood, and it is one of the strengths that tends to move with practice.
希望/楽観性
The character strength of expecting the best in the future and working to achieve it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is expectation, not cheerfulness: a default forecast that leans favorable, as opposed to rehearsing the bad outcome.
ユーモア/遊び心
The character strength of liking to laugh and to bring smiles to other people — producing lightness, not merely appreciating it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its clearest expression is producing it when things are grim.
勤勉/粘り強さ
The character strength of finishing what one starts and persisting in a course of action despite obstacles (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most likely to be praised by others and least likely to be enjoyed by its owner.
誠実/正直
The character strength of speaking the truth and presenting oneself in a genuine way (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real content is the expensive case: keeping one's word, and the truth, when doing so costs something.
判断力/開放性
The character strength of thinking things through, examining them from all sides, and weighing evidence before deciding (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberation rather than intelligence: the disposition to slow down and look for the other side on purpose.
親切/寛大さ
The character strength of doing favors and good deeds for others as a disposition rather than a transaction (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). What separates the two is patience with other people's problems and kindness that does not keep score.
リーダーシップ
The character strength of encouraging a group to get things done while maintaining good relations within it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about making a group work, not about authority or being in front.
学習への愛
The character strength of mastering new skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge for their own sake, outside any requirement (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It differs from curiosity in duration: curiosity opens the door, this strength keeps the person in the room.
謙虚さ
The character strength of letting one's accomplishments speak for themselves (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not low self-regard: the question is whether accomplishments need an audience, and a low score is not arrogance — some people simply enjoy being seen.
独創性/創造性
The character strength of thinking of novel and productive ways to do things (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is appetite for doing things differently rather than artistic talent; contentment with the method that already works is a preference, not a deficit.
見識/知恵
The character strength of being able to provide wise counsel and to see the world in a way that makes sense to oneself and others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is largely confirmed from the outside — by whether people bring their hard questions to the person.
慎重さ
The character strength of being careful about one's choices and considering consequences before acting (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). A low score is not carelessness: liking risk is a preference, not a failure to notice that it exists.
自己調整
The character strength of regulating what one feels and does — discipline over appetites and impulses, and the ability to forgo a present pleasure for a future good (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength people most often wish were higher.
社会的/感情的知性
The character strength of being aware of the motives and feelings of other people and knowing what to say and do in social situations (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the reading, not what is done with it — it is not the same as warmth and does not have to be used kindly.
精神性
The character strength of holding coherent beliefs about a higher purpose and the meaning of life (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberately wide, covering religious belief and a secular sense of purpose alike; a low score describes a worldview, not a deficiency in one.
勇気
The character strength of not shrinking from threat, challenge, or difficulty, and of speaking up for what is right even when it costs (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The price is what separates it from simply having opinions.
熱意/活力
The character strength of approaching life with excitement and energy — feeling alive and activated (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most tied to physical state, so a low reading is worth interpreting alongside sleep, health, and recent months rather than as a fixed trait.
機器
- IPIP-VIA-R短縮尺度(IPIP-VIA-R)Bluemke, Partsch, Saucier & Lechner2021
この理論に基づくテスト
実践的応用
VIA分類は、コーチング、セラピー、教育で広く使用され、個人が自分のシグネチャー・ストレングスを特定し活用して、より大きなウェルビーイングとパフォーマンスを達成することを支援します。強みに基づく介入は、臨床的および非臨床的集団において、ウェルビーイングへの有意な効果とうつ病の軽減を示しています。このフレームワークは、組織開発、学校カウンセリングプログラム、多様な文化的文脈における地域保健介入にも適用されています。
測定方法
24の強みは、実証的な因子分析を通じてではなく、哲学的、宗教的、心理学的伝統の専門家レビューを通じて特定されました。これが、理論的な6つの美徳構造と実証的な因子解の不一致を部分的に説明しています。
批評と制限事項
最も根強い批判は因子構造に関するものです。24の強みが6つの美徳にマッピングされていますが、実証的な因子分析は通常、提唱された6つの美徳構造ではなく3つから5つの因子を回復し、理論的基盤を損なっています。VIA調査は、文化横断的翻訳可能性を脅かし、言語適応間で不一致な因子分析結果をもたらす慣用的な項目表現について批判されています。活力、社会的知性、公正さ、希望、ユーモアなどのいくつかの強みは、比較的低いまたは拡散した因子負荷量を示し、別個の構成概念としてのその独自性に疑問を投げかけています。
主要文献
- Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
- Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Strengths of Character and Well-Being. 10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748
- Niemiec, R. M.. (2013). VIA Character Strengths: Research and Practice (The First 10 Years). 10.1007/978-94-007-4611-4_2
- McGrath, R. E.. (2015). Character Strengths in 75 Nations: An Update. 10.1080/17439760.2014.888580
- Seligman, M. E. P. & Csikszentmihalyi, M.. (2000). Positive Psychology: An Introduction. 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5