Values in Action-klassificering av karaktärsstyrkor
Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P. · 2004
Även känd som: VIA-IS · Character Strengths · Values in Action · VIA Character Strengths · Values in Action Character Strengths
Values in Action (VIA)-klassificeringen identifierar 24 karaktärsstyrkor organiserade under sex övergripande dygder: visdom, mod, medmänsklighet, rättvisa, måttfullhet och transcendens. Den utvecklades som positiv psykologis motsvarighet till DSM och blev resultatet av ett treårigt projekt med 55 samhällsvetare som gick igenom filosofiska, religiösa och psykologiska texter från 2 500 år tillbaka. VIA-formuläret har fyllts i av miljontals människor världen över, och forskning kopplar genomgående styrkor som hopp, entusiasm, tacksamhet, kärlek och nyfikenhet till livstillfredsställelse.
Klassifikation av 24 karaktärsstyrkor organiserade under 6 kärndygder, utvecklad som en positiv-psykologisk motsvarighet till kliniska diagnostiska taxonomier.
- Källa:
- Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
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Att läsa om ett konstrukt berättar vad det är. Ett validerat instrument berättar var du står i förhållande till det. Kostnadsfritt att göra, resultat inom några minuter.
Evidens i korthet
- Empiriskt stöd
- Måttliga belägg
- Replikering
- Delvis replikerad
- Tvärkulturell
- Till största delen universell
- Metaanalyser
- 15 indexerade
Dessa bedömningar sammanfattar den publicerade litteraturen om teorin, inte kvaliteten på något enskilt test byggt på den. De är redaktionella bedömningar baserade på källorna nedan och förändras när ny evidens tillkommer.
Historisk kontext
VIA-klassificeringen växte fram ur Martin Seligmans grundande av positiv psykologi som en formell disciplin år 2000, tillsammans med Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Seligman och Christopher Peterson ledde en systematisk genomgång av dygdetraditioner inom filosofi, teologi och psykologi som sträckte sig över 2 500 år för att identifiera universellt uppskattade karaktärsstyrkor. Handboken "Character Strengths and Virtues" från 2004 utformades uttryckligen som en positiv motsvarighet till DSM:s klassificering av psykiska störningar, och flyttade det vetenskapliga fokuset från brister till styrkor.
Begrepp
Uppskattning av skönhet
The character strength of noticing and being moved by beauty and excellence — in nature, in art, and in skilled performance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It describes being interrupted by something well made, not taste or knowledge about art.
Kapacitet för kärlek
The character strength of valuing close relationships and being able both to give and to receive affection and care (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The receiving side is often the harder half: accepting care means letting someone else matter that much.
Samarbetsvilja/Lagarbete
The character strength of loyalty to a group and pulling one's weight in something collective (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not sociability — it often shows up in people who dislike parties — and a low score can mean independence rather than distance.
Nyfikenhet
The character strength of taking interest in ongoing experience for its own sake — the breadth of appetite for the new (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It sits close to love of learning without being the same: curiosity opens the door, love of learning keeps a person in the room.
Rättvisa/Opartiskhet
The character strength of treating all people the same according to notions of fairness and justice, without letting personal feelings bias decisions about others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real test is consistency under pressure: whether the rules bend for people one likes or dislikes.
Förlåtelse/Nåd
The character strength of forgiving those who have done wrong and giving people a second chance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about what happens after being hurt: whether the account closes or stays open.
Tacksamhet
The character strength of being aware of and thankful for the good things that happen (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is a habit of noticing rather than a mood, and it is one of the strengths that tends to move with practice.
Hopp/Optimism
The character strength of expecting the best in the future and working to achieve it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is expectation, not cheerfulness: a default forecast that leans favorable, as opposed to rehearsing the bad outcome.
Humor/Lekfullhet
The character strength of liking to laugh and to bring smiles to other people — producing lightness, not merely appreciating it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its clearest expression is producing it when things are grim.
Flit/Uthållighet
The character strength of finishing what one starts and persisting in a course of action despite obstacles (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most likely to be praised by others and least likely to be enjoyed by its owner.
Integritet/Ärlighet
The character strength of speaking the truth and presenting oneself in a genuine way (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real content is the expensive case: keeping one's word, and the truth, when doing so costs something.
Omdöme/Fördomsfrihet
The character strength of thinking things through, examining them from all sides, and weighing evidence before deciding (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberation rather than intelligence: the disposition to slow down and look for the other side on purpose.
Vänlighet/Generositet
The character strength of doing favors and good deeds for others as a disposition rather than a transaction (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). What separates the two is patience with other people's problems and kindness that does not keep score.
Ledarskap
The character strength of encouraging a group to get things done while maintaining good relations within it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about making a group work, not about authority or being in front.
Lärandeglädje
The character strength of mastering new skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge for their own sake, outside any requirement (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It differs from curiosity in duration: curiosity opens the door, this strength keeps the person in the room.
Blygsamhet/Ödmjukhet
The character strength of letting one's accomplishments speak for themselves (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not low self-regard: the question is whether accomplishments need an audience, and a low score is not arrogance — some people simply enjoy being seen.
Originalitet/Kreativitet
The character strength of thinking of novel and productive ways to do things (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is appetite for doing things differently rather than artistic talent; contentment with the method that already works is a preference, not a deficit.
Perspektiv/Visdom
The character strength of being able to provide wise counsel and to see the world in a way that makes sense to oneself and others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is largely confirmed from the outside — by whether people bring their hard questions to the person.
Försiktighet
The character strength of being careful about one's choices and considering consequences before acting (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). A low score is not carelessness: liking risk is a preference, not a failure to notice that it exists.
Självreglering
The character strength of regulating what one feels and does — discipline over appetites and impulses, and the ability to forgo a present pleasure for a future good (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength people most often wish were higher.
Social/Emotionell Intelligens
The character strength of being aware of the motives and feelings of other people and knowing what to say and do in social situations (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the reading, not what is done with it — it is not the same as warmth and does not have to be used kindly.
Andlighet
The character strength of holding coherent beliefs about a higher purpose and the meaning of life (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberately wide, covering religious belief and a secular sense of purpose alike; a low score describes a worldview, not a deficiency in one.
Mod/Tapperhet
The character strength of not shrinking from threat, challenge, or difficulty, and of speaking up for what is right even when it costs (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The price is what separates it from simply having opinions.
Livsglädje/vitalitet
The character strength of approaching life with excitement and energy — feeling alive and activated (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most tied to physical state, so a low reading is worth interpreting alongside sleep, health, and recent months rather than as a fixed trait.
Instrument
- IPIP-VIA-R korta skalor(IPIP-VIA-R)Bluemke, Partsch, Saucier & Lechner2021
Test byggda på denna teori
Praktiska tillämpningar
VIA-klassificeringen används i stor utsträckning inom coaching, terapi och utbildning för att hjälpa individer att identifiera och använda sina signaturstyrkor för ökat välbefinnande och bättre prestation. Styrkebaserade interventioner har visat betydande effekter på välbefinnande och minskad depression i både kliniska och icke-kliniska populationer. Ramverket tillämpas även inom organisationsutveckling, skolans elevhälsoarbete och samhälleliga hälsoinsatser i skilda kulturella sammanhang.
Hur det mäts
De 24 styrkorna identifierades genom expertgranskning av filosofiska, religiösa och psykologiska traditioner snarare än genom empirisk faktoranalys, vilket delvis förklarar bristen på överensstämmelse mellan den teoretiska sexdygdsstrukturen och empiriska faktorlösningar.
Kritik och begränsningar
Den mest bestående kritiken gäller faktorstrukturen: även om 24 styrkor är kopplade till sex dygder, ger empiriska faktoranalyser vanligtvis tre till fem faktorer i stället för den föreslagna sexdygdsstrukturen, vilket undergräver den teoretiska grunden. VIA-formuläret har kritiserats för idiomatiska formuleringar i items som hotar den tvärkulturella översättbarheten och bidrar till inkonsekventa faktoranalytiska resultat mellan språkanpassningar. Flera styrkor, till exempel entusiasm, social intelligens, rättvisa, hopp och humor, uppvisar relativt låga eller diffusa faktorladdningar, vilket väcker frågor om deras särart som separata konstrukt.
Centrala publikationer
- Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
- Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Strengths of Character and Well-Being. 10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748
- Niemiec, R. M.. (2013). VIA Character Strengths: Research and Practice (The First 10 Years). 10.1007/978-94-007-4611-4_2
- McGrath, R. E.. (2015). Character Strengths in 75 Nations: An Update. 10.1080/17439760.2014.888580
- Seligman, M. E. P. & Csikszentmihalyi, M.. (2000). Positive Psychology: An Introduction. 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5