Klasifikacija snaga karaktera Values in Action
Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P. · 2004
Poznato i kao: VIA-IS · Character Strengths · Values in Action · VIA Character Strengths · Values in Action Character Strengths
Klasifikacija Values in Action (VIA) utvrđuje 24 snage karaktera organizirane u šest širokih vrlina: mudrost, hrabrost, humanost, pravednost, umjerenost i transcendencija. Razvijena kao pandan DSM-u u pozitivnoj psihologiji, proizašla je iz trogodišnjeg projekta u kojem je 55 društvenih znanstvenika pregledalo filozofske, religijske i psihološke spise koji obuhvaćaju 2.500 godina. Upitnik VIA ispunili su milijuni ljudi diljem svijeta, a istraživanja dosljedno povezuju snage poput nade, žara, zahvalnosti, ljubavi i znatiželje sa zadovoljstvom životom.
Klasifikacija 24 snage karaktera organizirane pod 6 temeljnih vrlina, razvijena kao pozitivnopsihološki pandan kliničkim dijagnostičkim taksonomijama.
- Izvor:
- Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
Riješi validirani test utemeljen na ovoj teoriji
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Dokazi na prvi pogled
- Empirijska potpora
- Umjereni dokazi
- Replikacija
- Djelomično replicirano
- Međukulturno
- Uglavnom univerzalno
- Metaanalize
- 15 indeksirano
Ove ocjene sažimaju objavljenu literaturu o teoriji, a ne kvalitetu pojedinog testa koji se na njoj temelji. Riječ je o uredničkim procjenama na temelju dolje navedenih izvora i mijenjaju se kako se dokazi gomilaju.
Povijesni kontekst
Klasifikacija VIA proizašla je iz toga što je Martin Seligman, zajedno s Mihalyjem Csikszentmihalyijem, 2000. utemeljio pozitivnu psihologiju kao formalnu disciplinu. Seligman i Christopher Peterson vodili su sustavni pregled tradicija vrlina u filozofiji, teologiji i psihologiji koje obuhvaćaju 2.500 godina kako bi utvrdili univerzalno cijenjene snage karaktera. Priručnik "Character Strengths and Virtues" iz 2004. izričito je zamišljen kao pozitivan pandan klasifikaciji mentalnih poremećaja u DSM-u, usmjeravajući znanstvenu pozornost s nedostataka na snage.
Konstrukti
Uvažavanje ljepote
The character strength of noticing and being moved by beauty and excellence — in nature, in art, and in skilled performance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It describes being interrupted by something well made, not taste or knowledge about art.
Sposobnost za ljubav
The character strength of valuing close relationships and being able both to give and to receive affection and care (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The receiving side is often the harder half: accepting care means letting someone else matter that much.
Građanska odgovornost/Timski rad
The character strength of loyalty to a group and pulling one's weight in something collective (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not sociability — it often shows up in people who dislike parties — and a low score can mean independence rather than distance.
Znatiželja
The character strength of taking interest in ongoing experience for its own sake — the breadth of appetite for the new (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It sits close to love of learning without being the same: curiosity opens the door, love of learning keeps a person in the room.
Pravednost/Nepristranost
The character strength of treating all people the same according to notions of fairness and justice, without letting personal feelings bias decisions about others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real test is consistency under pressure: whether the rules bend for people one likes or dislikes.
Opraštanje/Milosrđe
The character strength of forgiving those who have done wrong and giving people a second chance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about what happens after being hurt: whether the account closes or stays open.
Zahvalnost
The character strength of being aware of and thankful for the good things that happen (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is a habit of noticing rather than a mood, and it is one of the strengths that tends to move with practice.
Nada/Optimizam
The character strength of expecting the best in the future and working to achieve it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is expectation, not cheerfulness: a default forecast that leans favorable, as opposed to rehearsing the bad outcome.
Humor/Razigranost
The character strength of liking to laugh and to bring smiles to other people — producing lightness, not merely appreciating it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its clearest expression is producing it when things are grim.
Marljivost/Ustrajnost
The character strength of finishing what one starts and persisting in a course of action despite obstacles (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most likely to be praised by others and least likely to be enjoyed by its owner.
Integritet/Iskrenost
The character strength of speaking the truth and presenting oneself in a genuine way (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real content is the expensive case: keeping one's word, and the truth, when doing so costs something.
Rasuđivanje/Otvorenost uma
The character strength of thinking things through, examining them from all sides, and weighing evidence before deciding (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberation rather than intelligence: the disposition to slow down and look for the other side on purpose.
Ljubaznost/Velikodušnost
The character strength of doing favors and good deeds for others as a disposition rather than a transaction (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). What separates the two is patience with other people's problems and kindness that does not keep score.
Vodstvo
The character strength of encouraging a group to get things done while maintaining good relations within it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about making a group work, not about authority or being in front.
Ljubav prema učenju
The character strength of mastering new skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge for their own sake, outside any requirement (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It differs from curiosity in duration: curiosity opens the door, this strength keeps the person in the room.
Skromnost/Poniznost
The character strength of letting one's accomplishments speak for themselves (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not low self-regard: the question is whether accomplishments need an audience, and a low score is not arrogance — some people simply enjoy being seen.
Originalnost/Kreativnost
The character strength of thinking of novel and productive ways to do things (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is appetite for doing things differently rather than artistic talent; contentment with the method that already works is a preference, not a deficit.
Perspektiva/Mudrost
The character strength of being able to provide wise counsel and to see the world in a way that makes sense to oneself and others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is largely confirmed from the outside — by whether people bring their hard questions to the person.
Razboritost
The character strength of being careful about one's choices and considering consequences before acting (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). A low score is not carelessness: liking risk is a preference, not a failure to notice that it exists.
Samoregulacija
The character strength of regulating what one feels and does — discipline over appetites and impulses, and the ability to forgo a present pleasure for a future good (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength people most often wish were higher.
Socijalna/Emocionalna inteligencija
The character strength of being aware of the motives and feelings of other people and knowing what to say and do in social situations (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the reading, not what is done with it — it is not the same as warmth and does not have to be used kindly.
Duhovnost
The character strength of holding coherent beliefs about a higher purpose and the meaning of life (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberately wide, covering religious belief and a secular sense of purpose alike; a low score describes a worldview, not a deficiency in one.
Hrabrost
The character strength of not shrinking from threat, challenge, or difficulty, and of speaking up for what is right even when it costs (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The price is what separates it from simply having opinions.
Žar/Vitalnost
The character strength of approaching life with excitement and energy — feeling alive and activated (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most tied to physical state, so a low reading is worth interpreting alongside sleep, health, and recent months rather than as a fixed trait.
Instrumenti
- IPIP-VIA-R kratke ljestvice(IPIP-VIA-R)Bluemke, Partsch, Saucier & Lechner2021
Testovi utemeljeni na ovoj teoriji
Praktične primjene
Klasifikacija VIA široko se koristi u coachingu, terapiji i obrazovanju kako bi pojedinci prepoznali i iskoristili svoje ključne snage za veću dobrobit i uspješnost. Intervencije temeljene na snagama pokazale su značajne učinke na dobrobit i smanjenje depresije u kliničkim i nekliničkim populacijama. Okvir se također primjenjuje u organizacijskom razvoju, programima školskog savjetovanja i intervencijama za zdravlje zajednice u različitim kulturnim kontekstima.
Kako se mjeri
Dvadeset i četiri snage utvrđene su stručnim pregledom filozofskih, religijskih i psiholoških tradicija, a ne empirijskom faktorskom analizom, što djelomično objašnjava nesklad između teorijske strukture od šest vrlina i empirijskih faktorskih rješenja.
Kritike i ograničenja
Najustrajnija kritika odnosi se na faktorsku strukturu: iako su 24 snage raspoređene u šest vrlina, empirijske faktorske analize obično pronalaze tri do pet faktora umjesto predložene strukture od šest vrlina, što potkopava teorijski temelj. VIA Survey kritiziran je zbog idiomatskih formulacija čestica koje ugrožavaju međukulturnu prevodivost i pridonose nedosljednim faktorsko-analitičkim rezultatima u različitim jezičnim adaptacijama. Nekoliko snaga, poput poleta, socijalne inteligencije, pravednosti, nade i humora, pokazuje relativno niska ili raspršena faktorska zasićenja, što otvara pitanje njihove posebnosti kao zasebnih konstrukata.
Ključne publikacije
- Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
- Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Strengths of Character and Well-Being. 10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748
- Niemiec, R. M.. (2013). VIA Character Strengths: Research and Practice (The First 10 Years). 10.1007/978-94-007-4611-4_2
- McGrath, R. E.. (2015). Character Strengths in 75 Nations: An Update. 10.1080/17439760.2014.888580
- Seligman, M. E. P. & Csikszentmihalyi, M.. (2000). Positive Psychology: An Introduction. 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5