Values in Action-klassifikationen af karakterstyrker
Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P. · 2004
Også kendt som: VIA-IS · Character Strengths · Values in Action · VIA Character Strengths · Values in Action Character Strengths
Values in Action-klassifikationen (VIA) identificerer 24 karakterstyrker ordnet under seks brede dyder: visdom, mod, menneskelighed, retfærdighed, mådehold og transcendens. Den blev udviklet som positiv psykologis modstykke til DSM og var resultatet af et treårigt projekt med 55 samfundsforskere, der gennemgik filosofiske, religiøse og psykologiske skrifter fra en periode på 2.500 år. VIA Survey er blevet gennemført af millioner af mennesker verden over, og forskningen forbinder konsekvent styrker som håb, livsglæde, taknemmelighed, kærlighed og nysgerrighed med livstilfredshed.
Klassifikation af 24 karakterstyrker organiseret under 6 kernedyder, udviklet som et positivpsykologisk modstykke til kliniske diagnostiske taksonomier.
- Kilde:
- Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
Tag en valideret test baseret på denne teori
At læse om et konstrukt fortæller dig, hvad det er. Et valideret instrument fortæller dig, hvor du står på det. Gratis at tage, resultater på få minutter.
Evidensen i overblik
- Empirisk støtte
- Moderat evidens
- Replikation
- Delvist replikeret
- Tværkulturel
- Overvejende universel
- Metaanalyser
- 15 indekseret
Disse vurderinger opsummerer den publicerede litteratur om teorien, ikke kvaliteten af en enkelt test bygget på den. De er redaktionelle vurderinger baseret på kilderne nedenfor, og de ændres, efterhånden som evidensen vokser.
Historisk kontekst
VIA-klassifikationen opstod, da Martin Seligman sammen med Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi grundlagde positiv psykologi som en formel disciplin i 2000. Seligman og Christopher Peterson ledte en systematisk gennemgang af dydstraditioner inden for filosofi, teologi og psykologi, der strakte sig over 2.500 år, for at identificere universelt værdsatte karakterstyrker. Håndbogen 'Character Strengths and Virtues' fra 2004 var udtrykkeligt tænkt som et positivt modstykke til DSM's klassifikation af psykiske lidelser og flyttede det videnskabelige fokus fra mangler til styrker.
Konstrukter
Sans for skønhed
The character strength of noticing and being moved by beauty and excellence — in nature, in art, and in skilled performance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It describes being interrupted by something well made, not taste or knowledge about art.
Evne til at elske
The character strength of valuing close relationships and being able both to give and to receive affection and care (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The receiving side is often the harder half: accepting care means letting someone else matter that much.
Medborgerskab/teamwork
The character strength of loyalty to a group and pulling one's weight in something collective (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not sociability — it often shows up in people who dislike parties — and a low score can mean independence rather than distance.
Nysgerrighed
The character strength of taking interest in ongoing experience for its own sake — the breadth of appetite for the new (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It sits close to love of learning without being the same: curiosity opens the door, love of learning keeps a person in the room.
Retfærdighed/fairness
The character strength of treating all people the same according to notions of fairness and justice, without letting personal feelings bias decisions about others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real test is consistency under pressure: whether the rules bend for people one likes or dislikes.
Tilgivelse/barmhjertighed
The character strength of forgiving those who have done wrong and giving people a second chance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about what happens after being hurt: whether the account closes or stays open.
Taknemmelighed
The character strength of being aware of and thankful for the good things that happen (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is a habit of noticing rather than a mood, and it is one of the strengths that tends to move with practice.
Håb/optimisme
The character strength of expecting the best in the future and working to achieve it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is expectation, not cheerfulness: a default forecast that leans favorable, as opposed to rehearsing the bad outcome.
Humor/legesyge
The character strength of liking to laugh and to bring smiles to other people — producing lightness, not merely appreciating it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its clearest expression is producing it when things are grim.
Flid/udholdenhed
The character strength of finishing what one starts and persisting in a course of action despite obstacles (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most likely to be praised by others and least likely to be enjoyed by its owner.
Integritet/ærlighed
The character strength of speaking the truth and presenting oneself in a genuine way (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real content is the expensive case: keeping one's word, and the truth, when doing so costs something.
Dømmekraft/åbensindethed
The character strength of thinking things through, examining them from all sides, and weighing evidence before deciding (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberation rather than intelligence: the disposition to slow down and look for the other side on purpose.
Venlighed/gavmildhed
The character strength of doing favors and good deeds for others as a disposition rather than a transaction (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). What separates the two is patience with other people's problems and kindness that does not keep score.
Lederskab
The character strength of encouraging a group to get things done while maintaining good relations within it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about making a group work, not about authority or being in front.
Lærelyst
The character strength of mastering new skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge for their own sake, outside any requirement (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It differs from curiosity in duration: curiosity opens the door, this strength keeps the person in the room.
Beskedenhed/ydmyghed
The character strength of letting one's accomplishments speak for themselves (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not low self-regard: the question is whether accomplishments need an audience, and a low score is not arrogance — some people simply enjoy being seen.
Originalitet/kreativitet
The character strength of thinking of novel and productive ways to do things (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is appetite for doing things differently rather than artistic talent; contentment with the method that already works is a preference, not a deficit.
Perspektiv/visdom
The character strength of being able to provide wise counsel and to see the world in a way that makes sense to oneself and others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is largely confirmed from the outside — by whether people bring their hard questions to the person.
Omtanke
The character strength of being careful about one's choices and considering consequences before acting (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). A low score is not carelessness: liking risk is a preference, not a failure to notice that it exists.
Selvregulering
The character strength of regulating what one feels and does — discipline over appetites and impulses, and the ability to forgo a present pleasure for a future good (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength people most often wish were higher.
Social/emotionel intelligens
The character strength of being aware of the motives and feelings of other people and knowing what to say and do in social situations (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the reading, not what is done with it — it is not the same as warmth and does not have to be used kindly.
Spiritualitet
The character strength of holding coherent beliefs about a higher purpose and the meaning of life (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberately wide, covering religious belief and a secular sense of purpose alike; a low score describes a worldview, not a deficiency in one.
Tapperhed/mod
The character strength of not shrinking from threat, challenge, or difficulty, and of speaking up for what is right even when it costs (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The price is what separates it from simply having opinions.
Livsglæde/vitalitet
The character strength of approaching life with excitement and energy — feeling alive and activated (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most tied to physical state, so a low reading is worth interpreting alongside sleep, health, and recent months rather than as a fixed trait.
Instrumenter
- IPIP-VIA-R Short Scales(IPIP-VIA-R)Bluemke, Partsch, Saucier & Lechner2021
Test baseret på denne teori
Praktiske anvendelser
VIA-klassifikationen anvendes bredt i coaching, terapi og uddannelse til at hjælpe enkeltpersoner med at identificere og udnytte deres signaturstyrker for at opnå større trivsel og bedre præstation. Styrkebaserede interventioner har vist betydelige effekter på trivsel og mindsket depression i både kliniske og ikke-kliniske populationer. Rammen anvendes også i organisationsudvikling, skolevejledningsprogrammer og sundhedsinterventioner i lokalsamfund i forskellige kulturelle sammenhænge.
Sådan måles det
De 24 styrker blev identificeret gennem ekspertgennemgang af filosofiske, religiøse og psykologiske traditioner frem for gennem empirisk faktoranalyse, hvilket delvist forklarer uoverensstemmelsen mellem den teoretiske struktur med seks dyder og de empiriske faktorløsninger.
Kritik og begrænsninger
Den mest vedvarende kritik vedrører faktorstrukturen: selvom 24 styrker er knyttet til seks dyder, finder empiriske faktoranalyser typisk tre til fem faktorer snarere end den foreslåede struktur med seks dyder, hvilket underminerer det teoretiske grundlag. VIA Survey er blevet kritiseret for idiomatiske itemformuleringer, der truer den tværkulturelle oversættelighed og bidrager til inkonsistente faktoranalytiske resultater på tværs af sproglige tilpasninger. Flere styrker, såsom livsglæde, social intelligens, retfærdighed, håb og humor, viser relativt lave eller diffuse faktorladninger, hvilket rejser spørgsmål om deres særpræg som separate konstrukter.
Centrale publikationer
- Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
- Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Strengths of Character and Well-Being. 10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748
- Niemiec, R. M.. (2013). VIA Character Strengths: Research and Practice (The First 10 Years). 10.1007/978-94-007-4611-4_2
- McGrath, R. E.. (2015). Character Strengths in 75 Nations: An Update. 10.1080/17439760.2014.888580
- Seligman, M. E. P. & Csikszentmihalyi, M.. (2000). Positive Psychology: An Introduction. 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5