Klasifikasi Kekuatan Karakter Values in Action
Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P. · 2004
Juga dikenal sebagai: VIA-IS · Character Strengths · Values in Action · VIA Character Strengths · Values in Action Character Strengths
Klasifikasi Values in Action (VIA) mengidentifikasi 24 kekuatan karakter yang tergolong dalam enam kebajikan luas: kebijaksanaan, keberanian, kemanusiaan, keadilan, pengendalian diri, dan transendensi. Dikembangkan sebagai padanan psikologi positif dari DSM, klasifikasi ini merupakan hasil proyek tiga tahun yang melibatkan 55 ilmuwan sosial yang meninjau tulisan-tulisan filsafat, agama, dan psikologi selama rentang 2.500 tahun. Survei VIA telah diisi oleh jutaan orang di seluruh dunia dan penelitian secara konsisten mengaitkan kekuatan seperti harapan, semangat, rasa syukur, cinta, dan rasa ingin tahu dengan kepuasan hidup.
Klasifikasi 24 kekuatan karakter yang diorganisasikan di bawah 6 kebajikan inti, dikembangkan sebagai pendamping psikologi positif untuk taksonomi diagnostik klinis.
- Sumber:
- Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
Ikuti tes tervalidasi yang dibangun berdasarkan teori ini
Membaca tentang suatu konstruk memberi tahu Anda apa itu. Instrumen yang tervalidasi memberi tahu Anda di mana posisi Anda pada konstruk tersebut. Gratis untuk dikerjakan, hasil dalam hitungan menit.
Bukti sekilas
- Dukungan empiris
- Bukti moderat
- Replikasi
- Terreplikasi sebagian
- Lintas budaya
- Sebagian besar universal
- Meta-analisis
- 15 terindeks
Peringkat ini merangkum literatur yang telah dipublikasikan tentang teori tersebut, bukan kualitas dari tes tertentu yang dibangun berdasarkannya. Ini adalah penilaian editorial berdasarkan sumber-sumber yang tercantum di bawah, dan dapat berubah seiring bertambahnya bukti.
Konteks Historis
Klasifikasi VIA muncul dari pendirian psikologi positif sebagai disiplin formal oleh Martin Seligman pada tahun 2000, bersama Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Seligman dan Christopher Peterson memimpin tinjauan sistematis atas tradisi kebajikan dalam filsafat, teologi, dan psikologi selama rentang 2.500 tahun untuk mengidentifikasi kekuatan karakter yang dihargai secara universal. Buku pegangan tahun 2004 berjudul 'Character Strengths and Virtues' secara eksplisit dirancang sebagai padanan positif dari klasifikasi gangguan mental DSM, mengalihkan perhatian ilmiah dari defisit ke kekuatan.
Konstruk
Apresiasi terhadap Keindahan
The character strength of noticing and being moved by beauty and excellence — in nature, in art, and in skilled performance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It describes being interrupted by something well made, not taste or knowledge about art.
Kapasitas untuk Mencintai
The character strength of valuing close relationships and being able both to give and to receive affection and care (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The receiving side is often the harder half: accepting care means letting someone else matter that much.
Kewargaan/Kerja Sama Tim
The character strength of loyalty to a group and pulling one's weight in something collective (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not sociability — it often shows up in people who dislike parties — and a low score can mean independence rather than distance.
Rasa Ingin Tahu
The character strength of taking interest in ongoing experience for its own sake — the breadth of appetite for the new (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It sits close to love of learning without being the same: curiosity opens the door, love of learning keeps a person in the room.
Kesetaraan/Keadilan
The character strength of treating all people the same according to notions of fairness and justice, without letting personal feelings bias decisions about others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real test is consistency under pressure: whether the rules bend for people one likes or dislikes.
Pengampunan/Kemurahan Hati
The character strength of forgiving those who have done wrong and giving people a second chance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about what happens after being hurt: whether the account closes or stays open.
Rasa Syukur
The character strength of being aware of and thankful for the good things that happen (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is a habit of noticing rather than a mood, and it is one of the strengths that tends to move with practice.
Harapan/Optimisme
The character strength of expecting the best in the future and working to achieve it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is expectation, not cheerfulness: a default forecast that leans favorable, as opposed to rehearsing the bad outcome.
Humor/Suka Bermain
The character strength of liking to laugh and to bring smiles to other people — producing lightness, not merely appreciating it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its clearest expression is producing it when things are grim.
Ketekunan/Kegigihan
The character strength of finishing what one starts and persisting in a course of action despite obstacles (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most likely to be praised by others and least likely to be enjoyed by its owner.
Integritas/Kejujuran
The character strength of speaking the truth and presenting oneself in a genuine way (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real content is the expensive case: keeping one's word, and the truth, when doing so costs something.
Penilaian/Keterbukaan Pikiran
The character strength of thinking things through, examining them from all sides, and weighing evidence before deciding (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberation rather than intelligence: the disposition to slow down and look for the other side on purpose.
Kebaikan/Kemurahan Hati
The character strength of doing favors and good deeds for others as a disposition rather than a transaction (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). What separates the two is patience with other people's problems and kindness that does not keep score.
Kepemimpinan
The character strength of encouraging a group to get things done while maintaining good relations within it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about making a group work, not about authority or being in front.
Kecintaan terhadap Belajar
The character strength of mastering new skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge for their own sake, outside any requirement (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It differs from curiosity in duration: curiosity opens the door, this strength keeps the person in the room.
Kesederhanaan/Kerendahan Hati
The character strength of letting one's accomplishments speak for themselves (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not low self-regard: the question is whether accomplishments need an audience, and a low score is not arrogance — some people simply enjoy being seen.
Orisinalitas/Kreativitas
The character strength of thinking of novel and productive ways to do things (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is appetite for doing things differently rather than artistic talent; contentment with the method that already works is a preference, not a deficit.
Perspektif/Kebijaksanaan
The character strength of being able to provide wise counsel and to see the world in a way that makes sense to oneself and others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is largely confirmed from the outside — by whether people bring their hard questions to the person.
Kehati-hatian
The character strength of being careful about one's choices and considering consequences before acting (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). A low score is not carelessness: liking risk is a preference, not a failure to notice that it exists.
Regulasi Diri
The character strength of regulating what one feels and does — discipline over appetites and impulses, and the ability to forgo a present pleasure for a future good (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength people most often wish were higher.
Kecerdasan Sosial/Emosional
The character strength of being aware of the motives and feelings of other people and knowing what to say and do in social situations (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the reading, not what is done with it — it is not the same as warmth and does not have to be used kindly.
Spiritualitas
The character strength of holding coherent beliefs about a higher purpose and the meaning of life (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberately wide, covering religious belief and a secular sense of purpose alike; a low score describes a worldview, not a deficiency in one.
Keberanian
The character strength of not shrinking from threat, challenge, or difficulty, and of speaking up for what is right even when it costs (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The price is what separates it from simply having opinions.
Semangat/Vitalitas
The character strength of approaching life with excitement and energy — feeling alive and activated (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most tied to physical state, so a low reading is worth interpreting alongside sleep, health, and recent months rather than as a fixed trait.
Instrumen
- Skala Singkat IPIP-VIA-R(IPIP-VIA-R)Bluemke, Partsch, Saucier & Lechner2021
Tes yang dibangun berdasarkan teori ini
Aplikasi Praktis
Klasifikasi VIA banyak digunakan dalam pembinaan, terapi, dan pendidikan untuk membantu individu mengidentifikasi dan memanfaatkan kekuatan utama mereka demi kesejahteraan dan kinerja yang lebih baik. Intervensi berbasis kekuatan telah menunjukkan efek signifikan terhadap kesejahteraan dan penurunan depresi pada populasi klinis maupun nonklinis. Kerangka ini juga diterapkan dalam pengembangan organisasi, program konseling sekolah, dan intervensi kesehatan masyarakat di berbagai konteks budaya.
Cara Pengukurannya
Kedua puluh empat kekuatan tersebut diidentifikasi melalui tinjauan ahli terhadap tradisi filsafat, agama, dan psikologi, bukan melalui analisis faktor empiris, yang sebagian menjelaskan ketidaksesuaian antara struktur teoretis enam kebajikan dan solusi faktor empiris.
Kritik & Keterbatasan
Kritik yang paling bertahan menyangkut struktur faktor: meskipun 24 kekuatan dipetakan ke dalam enam kebajikan, analisis faktor empiris umumnya menemukan tiga hingga lima faktor, bukan struktur enam kebajikan yang diusulkan, sehingga melemahkan dasar teoretisnya. Survei VIA dikritik karena penggunaan kata-kata butir yang idiomatik, yang mengancam kemampuan terjemahan lintas budaya dan berkontribusi pada hasil analisis faktor yang tidak konsisten di berbagai adaptasi bahasa. Beberapa kekuatan, seperti semangat, kecerdasan sosial, keadilan, harapan, dan humor, menunjukkan muatan faktor yang relatif rendah atau tidak jelas, sehingga menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang kekhasannya sebagai konstruk yang terpisah.
Publikasi Utama
- Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
- Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Strengths of Character and Well-Being. 10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748
- Niemiec, R. M.. (2013). VIA Character Strengths: Research and Practice (The First 10 Years). 10.1007/978-94-007-4611-4_2
- McGrath, R. E.. (2015). Character Strengths in 75 Nations: An Update. 10.1080/17439760.2014.888580
- Seligman, M. E. P. & Csikszentmihalyi, M.. (2000). Positive Psychology: An Introduction. 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5