Values in Action: चारित्र्य बलस्थानांचे वर्गीकरण
Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P. · 2004
याला असेही म्हणतात: VIA-IS · Character Strengths · Values in Action · VIA Character Strengths · Values in Action Character Strengths
Values in Action (VIA) वर्गीकरण सहा व्यापक सद्गुणांखाली मांडलेली 24 चारित्र्य बलस्थाने ओळखते: प्रज्ञा, धैर्य, मानवता, न्याय, संयम आणि उत्कर्ष. हे DSM चे सकारात्मक मानसशास्त्रातील प्रतिरूप म्हणून विकसित झाले; तीन वर्षांच्या प्रकल्पाचा तो निकाल होता, ज्यात 55 सामाजिक शास्त्रज्ञांनी 2,500 वर्षांतील तात्त्विक, धार्मिक आणि मानसशास्त्रीय लेखनाचे पुनरावलोकन केले. VIA सर्वेक्षण जगभरातील लाखो लोकांनी पूर्ण केले आहे, आणि संशोधन सातत्याने आशा, उत्साह, कृतज्ञता, प्रेम आणि जिज्ञासा यांसारख्या बलस्थानांचा संबंध जीवनातील समाधानाशी जोडते.
6 मूलभूत सद्गुणांखाली मांडलेल्या 24 चारित्र्य बलस्थानांचे वर्गीकरण, जे वैद्यकीय निदान वर्गीकरणांना सकारात्मक मानसशास्त्राचा पर्याय म्हणून विकसित केले गेले.
- स्रोत:
- Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
या सिद्धांतावर आधारित वैध चाचणी द्या
एखाद्या संकल्पनेबद्दल वाचल्याने ती काय आहे हे कळते. प्रमाणित साधनामुळे त्यात तुम्ही कुठे आहात हे कळते. चाचणी विनामूल्य, निकाल काही मिनिटांत.
पुरावा एका दृष्टिक्षेपात
- अनुभवजन्य आधार
- मध्यम पुरावा
- प्रतिकृती
- अंशतः पुनरावृत्त
- आंतरसांस्कृतिक
- बहुतांशी सार्वत्रिक
- मेटा-विश्लेषणे
- 15 अनुक्रमित
ही मानांकने सिद्धांताबद्दल प्रकाशित साहित्याचा सारांश देतात, त्यावर आधारित कोणत्याही एका चाचणीच्या गुणवत्तेचा नाही. ती खाली दिलेल्या स्रोतांवर आधारित संपादकीय मूल्यमापने आहेत आणि पुरावे वाढत गेले की ती बदलतात.
ऐतिहासिक संदर्भ
VIA वर्गीकरण मार्टिन सेलिग्मन यांनी मिहाली चिक्सेंटमिहाली यांच्यासह 2000 मध्ये सकारात्मक मानसशास्त्राची औपचारिक शाखा म्हणून स्थापना केल्यानंतर उदयास आले. सेलिग्मन आणि क्रिस्टोफर पीटरसन यांनी सर्वत्र मूल्यवान मानल्या जाणाऱ्या चारित्र्य बलस्थानांची ओळख पटवण्यासाठी तत्त्वज्ञान, धर्मशास्त्र आणि मानसशास्त्रातील 2,500 वर्षांच्या सद्गुण परंपरांचे पद्धतशीर पुनरावलोकन केले. 2004 मधील 'Character Strengths and Virtues' हे हस्तपुस्तक DSM च्या मानसिक विकारांच्या वर्गीकरणाचे सकारात्मक प्रतिरूप म्हणून जाणीवपूर्वक रचले गेले, आणि त्यामुळे वैज्ञानिक लक्ष उणिवांवरून बलस्थानांकडे वळले.
संकल्पना
सौंदर्याची जाण
The character strength of noticing and being moved by beauty and excellence — in nature, in art, and in skilled performance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It describes being interrupted by something well made, not taste or knowledge about art.
प्रेम करण्याची क्षमता
The character strength of valuing close relationships and being able both to give and to receive affection and care (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The receiving side is often the harder half: accepting care means letting someone else matter that much.
नागरिकत्व/सांघिक कार्य
The character strength of loyalty to a group and pulling one's weight in something collective (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not sociability — it often shows up in people who dislike parties — and a low score can mean independence rather than distance.
जिज्ञासा
The character strength of taking interest in ongoing experience for its own sake — the breadth of appetite for the new (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It sits close to love of learning without being the same: curiosity opens the door, love of learning keeps a person in the room.
समानता/निष्पक्षता
The character strength of treating all people the same according to notions of fairness and justice, without letting personal feelings bias decisions about others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real test is consistency under pressure: whether the rules bend for people one likes or dislikes.
क्षमा/दया
The character strength of forgiving those who have done wrong and giving people a second chance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about what happens after being hurt: whether the account closes or stays open.
कृतज्ञता
The character strength of being aware of and thankful for the good things that happen (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is a habit of noticing rather than a mood, and it is one of the strengths that tends to move with practice.
आशा/आशावाद
The character strength of expecting the best in the future and working to achieve it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is expectation, not cheerfulness: a default forecast that leans favorable, as opposed to rehearsing the bad outcome.
विनोद/खेळकरपणा
The character strength of liking to laugh and to bring smiles to other people — producing lightness, not merely appreciating it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its clearest expression is producing it when things are grim.
उद्योगशीलता/चिकाटी
The character strength of finishing what one starts and persisting in a course of action despite obstacles (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most likely to be praised by others and least likely to be enjoyed by its owner.
सचोटी/प्रामाणिकपणा
The character strength of speaking the truth and presenting oneself in a genuine way (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real content is the expensive case: keeping one's word, and the truth, when doing so costs something.
विवेकबुद्धी/खुलेपणा
The character strength of thinking things through, examining them from all sides, and weighing evidence before deciding (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberation rather than intelligence: the disposition to slow down and look for the other side on purpose.
दयाळूपणा/उदारता
The character strength of doing favors and good deeds for others as a disposition rather than a transaction (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). What separates the two is patience with other people's problems and kindness that does not keep score.
नेतृत्व
The character strength of encouraging a group to get things done while maintaining good relations within it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about making a group work, not about authority or being in front.
शिकण्याची आवड
The character strength of mastering new skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge for their own sake, outside any requirement (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It differs from curiosity in duration: curiosity opens the door, this strength keeps the person in the room.
विनम्रता/लीनता
The character strength of letting one's accomplishments speak for themselves (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not low self-regard: the question is whether accomplishments need an audience, and a low score is not arrogance — some people simply enjoy being seen.
मौलिकता/सर्जनशीलता
The character strength of thinking of novel and productive ways to do things (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is appetite for doing things differently rather than artistic talent; contentment with the method that already works is a preference, not a deficit.
दृष्टी/शहाणपण
The character strength of being able to provide wise counsel and to see the world in a way that makes sense to oneself and others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is largely confirmed from the outside — by whether people bring their hard questions to the person.
विवेकी सावधपणा
The character strength of being careful about one's choices and considering consequences before acting (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). A low score is not carelessness: liking risk is a preference, not a failure to notice that it exists.
स्व-नियमन
The character strength of regulating what one feels and does — discipline over appetites and impulses, and the ability to forgo a present pleasure for a future good (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength people most often wish were higher.
सामाजिक/भावनिक बुद्धिमत्ता
The character strength of being aware of the motives and feelings of other people and knowing what to say and do in social situations (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the reading, not what is done with it — it is not the same as warmth and does not have to be used kindly.
अध्यात्मिकता
The character strength of holding coherent beliefs about a higher purpose and the meaning of life (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberately wide, covering religious belief and a secular sense of purpose alike; a low score describes a worldview, not a deficiency in one.
शौर्य/धैर्य
The character strength of not shrinking from threat, challenge, or difficulty, and of speaking up for what is right even when it costs (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The price is what separates it from simply having opinions.
उत्साह/चैतन्य
The character strength of approaching life with excitement and energy — feeling alive and activated (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most tied to physical state, so a low reading is worth interpreting alongside sleep, health, and recent months rather than as a fixed trait.
साधने
- IPIP-VIA-R Short Scales(IPIP-VIA-R)Bluemke, Partsch, Saucier & Lechner2021
या सिद्धांतावर आधारित चाचण्या
व्यावहारिक उपयोग
VIA वर्गीकरणाचा वापर प्रशिक्षण (कोचिंग), उपचार आणि शिक्षणात मोठ्या प्रमाणावर केला जातो, जेणेकरून व्यक्तींना अधिक स्वास्थ्य आणि कामगिरीसाठी आपली वैशिष्ट्यपूर्ण बलस्थाने ओळखता येतील आणि त्यांचा लाभ घेता येईल. बलस्थान-आधारित हस्तक्षेपांनी वैद्यकीय आणि बिगर-वैद्यकीय लोकसंख्येत स्वास्थ्यावर लक्षणीय परिणाम आणि नैराश्यात घट दर्शवली आहे. ही चौकट संघटनात्मक विकास, शालेय समुपदेशन कार्यक्रम आणि विविध सांस्कृतिक संदर्भांतील समुदाय आरोग्य हस्तक्षेपांमध्येही वापरली जाते.
मोजमाप कसे केले जाते
24 बलस्थाने तत्त्वज्ञान, धर्म आणि मानसशास्त्र यांच्या परंपरांच्या तज्ज्ञ पुनरावलोकनातून निश्चित करण्यात आली, प्रायोगिक घटक विश्लेषणातून नव्हे; यामुळे सैद्धांतिक सहा सद्गुणांची रचना आणि प्रायोगिक घटक-उपाय यांच्यातील विसंगती अंशतः स्पष्ट होते.
टीका आणि मर्यादा
सर्वांत टिकून राहिलेली टीका घटक रचनेबाबत आहे: 24 बलस्थाने सहा सद्गुणांशी जोडलेली असली, तरी अनुभवजन्य घटक विश्लेषणांमध्ये सहसा प्रस्तावित सहा-सद्गुण रचनेऐवजी तीन ते पाच घटक आढळतात, ज्यामुळे सैद्धांतिक पाया कमकुवत होतो. VIA Survey वर प्रश्नांच्या बोलीभाषात्मक शब्दरचनेची टीका झाली आहे, जी आंतरसांस्कृतिक भाषांतरक्षमतेला धोका निर्माण करते आणि भाषा रूपांतरांमध्ये विसंगत घटक-विश्लेषणात्मक निकालांना कारणीभूत ठरते. उत्साह, सामाजिक बुद्धिमत्ता, न्याय, आशा आणि विनोद यांसारखी काही बलस्थाने तुलनेने कमी किंवा विखुरलेले घटक भार दर्शवतात, ज्यामुळे स्वतंत्र संकल्पना म्हणून त्यांच्या वेगळेपणाबद्दल प्रश्न निर्माण होतात.
प्रमुख प्रकाशने
- Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
- Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Strengths of Character and Well-Being. 10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748
- Niemiec, R. M.. (2013). VIA Character Strengths: Research and Practice (The First 10 Years). 10.1007/978-94-007-4611-4_2
- McGrath, R. E.. (2015). Character Strengths in 75 Nations: An Update. 10.1080/17439760.2014.888580
- Seligman, M. E. P. & Csikszentmihalyi, M.. (2000). Positive Psychology: An Introduction. 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5