性格中程度のエビデンス

PERMA Model of Flourishing

Seligman, M. E. P. · 2011

別名: Flourishing · PERMA Well-Being

PERMA defines well-being through five measurable pillars rather than a single index: Positive emotion, Engagement (absorption in activity, akin to flow), Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment. Seligman's argument for the plural structure is that well-being is a construct, not a thing, and that each element is pursued for its own sake, is definable independently of the others, and can be present without them. This is a deliberate departure from happiness-centred models: someone can score high on meaning and accomplishment while low on positive emotion, and the theory treats that as a real profile rather than a contradiction.

Positive psychology framework defining well-being through five measurable pillars: Positive Emotion (hedonic), Engagement (flow), Relationships (social connection), Meaning (purpose), and Accomplishment (mastery). Each pillar is pursued for its own sake and independently measurable.

出典:: Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being. New York: Free Press.

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エビデンス概要

実証的サポート: 中程度のエビデンス
再現性: 部分的に再現
異文化: ほぼ普遍的
メタ分析: 5件索引済み

研究領域ポジティブ心理学ウェルビーイング研究組織心理学教育心理学

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歴史的背景

Seligman's 2002 Authentic Happiness proposed three routes to well-being — pleasure, engagement and meaning. Flourish, in 2011, revised the account, adding relationships and accomplishment and, more importantly, changing the goal of positive psychology from life satisfaction to flourishing. Butler and Kern published the PERMA-Profiler in 2016, giving the model its standard instrument. The framework spread quickly into education, workplace well-being programmes and national well-being frameworks, at a pace considerably ahead of its validation literature.

構成概念

ポジティブ感情

The hedonic pillar of well-being — the frequency of pleasant emotional states such as joy, contentment, and serenity (Seligman, 2011).

エンゲージメント

The flow pillar — being fully absorbed, interested, and engaged in activities and life (Seligman, 2011).

人間関係

The social connection pillar — feeling supported, loved, and satisfied with one's personal relationships (Seligman, 2011).

意味

The purpose pillar — perceiving one's life as purposeful, valuable, and directed toward something greater than oneself (Seligman, 2011).

達成感

The mastery pillar — making progress toward goals, achieving objectives, and feeling competent in handling responsibilities (Seligman, 2011).

機器

NOESIS Flourishing ScaleNOESIS2026

この理論に基づくテスト

Flourishing Assessment

Measure your overall well-being across the five pillars of flourishing.

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実践的応用

PERMA is widely used as an organising framework for workplace and school well-being programmes because its five elements translate directly into distinguishable intervention targets, unlike a single happiness score. The profiler is used for individual feedback and for tracking programme effects across the five domains. In coaching and self-knowledge contexts its practical value is diagnostic: it identifies which pillar is low, which is a far more actionable finding than a global well-being number.

測定方法

Measured with a self-report scale (PERMA-Profiler: 15 core items plus filler and health items) reported as five domain scores rather than a single total.

批評と制限事項

The strongest empirical criticism is that the five factors are not separable in practice: Goodman and colleagues found that PERMA scores and conventional subjective well-being scores correlate near unity, and several factor analyses fail to recover five distinct factors, suggesting one general well-being factor with correlated indicators. The choice of exactly these five elements is theoretically motivated rather than empirically derived, and critics ask why health, autonomy or financial security are excluded. The model also carries positive psychology's broader criticism of individualising well-being and underweighting material and social conditions.

主要文献

Seligman, M. E. P.. (2011). Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-being.
Butler, J. & Kern, M. L.. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. 10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526
Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B. & Kauffman, S. B.. (2018). Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. 10.1080/17439760.2017.1388434