PERMA Model of Flourishing
Seligman, M. E. P. · 2011
เป็นที่รู้จักในชื่อ: Flourishing · PERMA Well-Being
PERMA defines well-being through five measurable pillars rather than a single index: Positive emotion, Engagement (absorption in activity, akin to flow), Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment. Seligman's argument for the plural structure is that well-being is a construct, not a thing, and that each element is pursued for its own sake, is definable independently of the others, and can be present without them. This is a deliberate departure from happiness-centred models: someone can score high on meaning and accomplishment while low on positive emotion, and the theory treats that as a real profile rather than a contradiction.
Positive psychology framework defining well-being through five measurable pillars: Positive Emotion (hedonic), Engagement (flow), Relationships (social connection), Meaning (purpose), and Accomplishment (mastery). Each pillar is pursued for its own sake and independently measurable.
- แหล่งที่มา:
- Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being. New York: Free Press.
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ภาพรวมหลักฐาน
- การสนับสนุนเชิงประจักษ์
- หลักฐานปานกลาง
- การทำซ้ำ
- ทำซ้ำได้บางส่วน
- ข้ามวัฒนธรรม
- ส่วนใหญ่เป็นสากล
- การวิเคราะห์อภิมาน
- 5 ที่จัดทำดัชนี
คะแนนเหล่านี้สรุปจากวรรณกรรมที่ตีพิมพ์เกี่ยวกับทฤษฎี ไม่ใช่คุณภาพของแบบทดสอบใด ๆ ที่สร้างบนทฤษฎีนี้ เป็นการประเมินจากบรรณาธิการตามแหล่งข้อมูลด้านล่าง และจะเปลี่ยนแปลงเมื่อมีหลักฐานเพิ่มเติม
บริบททางประวัติศาสตร์
Seligman's 2002 Authentic Happiness proposed three routes to well-being — pleasure, engagement and meaning. Flourish, in 2011, revised the account, adding relationships and accomplishment and, more importantly, changing the goal of positive psychology from life satisfaction to flourishing. Butler and Kern published the PERMA-Profiler in 2016, giving the model its standard instrument. The framework spread quickly into education, workplace well-being programmes and national well-being frameworks, at a pace considerably ahead of its validation literature.
โครงสร้าง
Positive Emotion
The hedonic pillar of well-being — the frequency of pleasant emotional states such as joy, contentment, and serenity (Seligman, 2011).
Engagement
The flow pillar — being fully absorbed, interested, and engaged in activities and life (Seligman, 2011).
Relationships
The social connection pillar — feeling supported, loved, and satisfied with one's personal relationships (Seligman, 2011).
Meaning
The purpose pillar — perceiving one's life as purposeful, valuable, and directed toward something greater than oneself (Seligman, 2011).
Accomplishment
The mastery pillar — making progress toward goals, achieving objectives, and feeling competent in handling responsibilities (Seligman, 2011).
เครื่องมือ
- NOESIS Flourishing ScaleNOESIS2026
แบบทดสอบที่สร้างบนทฤษฎีนี้
การประยุกต์ใช้เชิงปฏิบัติ
PERMA is widely used as an organising framework for workplace and school well-being programmes because its five elements translate directly into distinguishable intervention targets, unlike a single happiness score. The profiler is used for individual feedback and for tracking programme effects across the five domains. In coaching and self-knowledge contexts its practical value is diagnostic: it identifies which pillar is low, which is a far more actionable finding than a global well-being number.
วิธีการวัดผล
Measured with a self-report scale (PERMA-Profiler: 15 core items plus filler and health items) reported as five domain scores rather than a single total.
ข้อวิจารณ์และข้อจำกัด
The strongest empirical criticism is that the five factors are not separable in practice: Goodman and colleagues found that PERMA scores and conventional subjective well-being scores correlate near unity, and several factor analyses fail to recover five distinct factors, suggesting one general well-being factor with correlated indicators. The choice of exactly these five elements is theoretically motivated rather than empirically derived, and critics ask why health, autonomy or financial security are excluded. The model also carries positive psychology's broader criticism of individualising well-being and underweighting material and social conditions.
ผลงานตีพิมพ์สำคัญ
- Seligman, M. E. P.. (2011). Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-being.
- Butler, J. & Kern, M. L.. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. 10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526
- Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B. & Kauffman, S. B.. (2018). Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. 10.1080/17439760.2017.1388434