PERMA Model of Flourishing
Seligman, M. E. P. · 2011
也被称为: Flourishing · PERMA Well-Being
PERMA defines well-being through five measurable pillars rather than a single index: Positive emotion, Engagement (absorption in activity, akin to flow), Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment. Seligman's argument for the plural structure is that well-being is a construct, not a thing, and that each element is pursued for its own sake, is definable independently of the others, and can be present without them. This is a deliberate departure from happiness-centred models: someone can score high on meaning and accomplishment while low on positive emotion, and the theory treats that as a real profile rather than a contradiction.
Positive psychology framework defining well-being through five measurable pillars: Positive Emotion (hedonic), Engagement (flow), Relationships (social connection), Meaning (purpose), and Accomplishment (mastery). Each pillar is pursued for its own sake and independently measurable.
- 来源:
- Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being. New York: Free Press.
参加基于此理论的经过验证的测试
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证据概览
- 实证支持
- 中等证据支持
- 重复验证
- 部分重复验证
- 跨文化性
- 大致具普遍性
- 綜合分析(统合分析)
- 已收录 5 项
这些评等总结了关於该理論已发表的文獻,而非以此理論建构的任何单一测验的品质。它们是根据下方所列来源所作的編輯判斷,並會隨著证据累积而變化。
历史背景
Seligman's 2002 Authentic Happiness proposed three routes to well-being — pleasure, engagement and meaning. Flourish, in 2011, revised the account, adding relationships and accomplishment and, more importantly, changing the goal of positive psychology from life satisfaction to flourishing. Butler and Kern published the PERMA-Profiler in 2016, giving the model its standard instrument. The framework spread quickly into education, workplace well-being programmes and national well-being frameworks, at a pace considerably ahead of its validation literature.
构念
Positive Emotion
The hedonic pillar of well-being — the frequency of pleasant emotional states such as joy, contentment, and serenity (Seligman, 2011).
Engagement
The flow pillar — being fully absorbed, interested, and engaged in activities and life (Seligman, 2011).
Relationships
The social connection pillar — feeling supported, loved, and satisfied with one's personal relationships (Seligman, 2011).
Meaning
The purpose pillar — perceiving one's life as purposeful, valuable, and directed toward something greater than oneself (Seligman, 2011).
Accomplishment
The mastery pillar — making progress toward goals, achieving objectives, and feeling competent in handling responsibilities (Seligman, 2011).
工具
- NOESIS Flourishing ScaleNOESIS2026
基于此理论的测试
实际应用
PERMA is widely used as an organising framework for workplace and school well-being programmes because its five elements translate directly into distinguishable intervention targets, unlike a single happiness score. The profiler is used for individual feedback and for tracking programme effects across the five domains. In coaching and self-knowledge contexts its practical value is diagnostic: it identifies which pillar is low, which is a far more actionable finding than a global well-being number.
如何测量
Measured with a self-report scale (PERMA-Profiler: 15 core items plus filler and health items) reported as five domain scores rather than a single total.
批评与局限
The strongest empirical criticism is that the five factors are not separable in practice: Goodman and colleagues found that PERMA scores and conventional subjective well-being scores correlate near unity, and several factor analyses fail to recover five distinct factors, suggesting one general well-being factor with correlated indicators. The choice of exactly these five elements is theoretically motivated rather than empirically derived, and critics ask why health, autonomy or financial security are excluded. The model also carries positive psychology's broader criticism of individualising well-being and underweighting material and social conditions.
重要文献
- Seligman, M. E. P.. (2011). Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-being.
- Butler, J. & Kern, M. L.. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. 10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526
- Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B. & Kauffman, S. B.. (2018). Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. 10.1080/17439760.2017.1388434