Subjective Well-Being Theory
Diener, E. · 1984
也被称为: SWB · Life Satisfaction
Subjective well-being holds that well-being is properly assessed by the person living the life rather than by external criteria, and that it has three separable components: life satisfaction (a cognitive, global judgement), positive affect and negative affect (two independent emotional dimensions, not opposite ends of one). The independence of positive and negative affect is the model's most consequential empirical claim — it means that reducing distress and increasing happiness are different interventions with different predictors, and that a person can be high on both at once.
Theory that well-being is best assessed through the individual's own cognitive judgment of life satisfaction — a global, reflective assessment of one's life as a whole, distinct from momentary affect or specific domain satisfaction.
- 来源:
- Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
参加基于此理论的经过验证的测试
阅读关於某个构念的资料能让您了解它是什麼,而经验证的测验工具则能让您了解自己在其中的位置。免费作答,幾分鐘內即可獲得结果。
证据概览
- 实证支持
- 强证据支持
- 重复验证
- 已充分重复验证
- 跨文化性
- 大致具普遍性
- 綜合分析(统合分析)
- 已收录 25 项
这些评等总结了关於该理論已发表的文獻,而非以此理論建构的任何单一测验的品质。它们是根据下方所列来源所作的編輯判斷,並會隨著证据累积而變化。
历史背景
Diener's 1984 Psychological Bulletin review consolidated a scattered literature into a defined field with a name and a structure. The Satisfaction With Life Scale followed in 1985 and became one of the most-used instruments in psychology, deliberately restricted to global cognitive judgement so that affect could be measured separately. The field expanded through the 1990s and 2000s into economics and public policy, informing national well-being accounts and the OECD's measurement guidelines, and supplying the evidence for adaptation effects and the income-happiness relationship.
构念
Life Satisfaction
A global cognitive judgment of one's life as a whole, reflecting the extent to which a person perceives their life circumstances as matching their personal standards and ideals (Diener et al., 1985). Distinct from momentary affect or domain-specific satisfaction.
工具
- NOESIS Life Satisfaction ScaleNOESIS2026
基于此理论的测试
实际应用
Subjective well-being measures are the backbone of national well-being statistics and of well-being economics, used to evaluate policy where GDP is inadequate. In clinical and organizational settings the three-component structure guides intervention choice: low life satisfaction with normal affect points to circumstance and goals, while high negative affect points to emotion regulation. For individual self-knowledge, the separation prevents the common error of treating the absence of distress as the presence of well-being.
如何测量
Measured with short self-report scales: a global life-satisfaction scale (SWLS: five items) plus separate positive and negative affect scales, reported as three scores rather than one index.
批评与局限
Global life-satisfaction judgements are demonstrably sensitive to transient influences — mood, weather, question order, the item immediately preceding — which undermines their claim to be stable evaluations. Adaptation means the measures partly track recent change rather than absolute conditions, so people in objectively poor circumstances can report high satisfaction. Response styles differ systematically across cultures (acquiescence, extreme responding, norms about expressing positive emotion), which complicates cross-national ranking. Critics from the eudaimonic tradition further argue that satisfaction and pleasant affect miss meaning, growth and virtue entirely.
重要文献
- Diener, E.. (1984). Subjective well-being. 10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
- Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. & Griffin, S.. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
- Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E. & Smith, H. L.. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. 10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276