Positive Mental Well-Being
Topp, C. W., Ostergaard, S. D., Sondergaard, S. & Bech, P. · 2015
也被称为: WHO-5 framework · DepCare well-being
This framework measures mental health by the presence of positive states rather than by the absence of symptoms — asking about cheerfulness, calm, energy, restedness and interest over the past two weeks, with every item worded positively and none referring to a symptom. The design has two consequences. It captures variation in the healthy range that symptom scales, which floor out once symptoms are absent, cannot see. And because respondents are never asked about pathology, it is markedly more acceptable in general-population and non-clinical settings.
Framework that measures mental health by the presence of positive states rather than by the absence of symptoms. Developed at the WHO Regional Office for Europe (DepCare Project, 1998) and consolidated by Per Bech, it asks how much of a recent period was spent feeling cheerful, calm, energetic, rested and interested in daily life, and treats that proportion as the measurement itself. Two properties follow from that design. The window is short and explicit, so the reading is a current state that moves with circumstances rather than a trait. And because the scale never mentions a symptom, a low reading is not a symptom count: it is an absence of positive states, which is read as an indication that a fuller assessment may be worth doing, never as a diagnosis.
- 来源:
- World Health Organization (2024). The World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5). Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO/UCN/MSD/MHE/2024.1. Topp, C. W., Ostergaard, S. D., Sondergaard, S., & Bech, P. (2015). The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84(3), 167-176.
参加基于此理论的经过验证的测试
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证据概览
- 实证支持
- 强证据支持
- 重复验证
- 已充分重复验证
- 跨文化性
- 大致具普遍性
- 綜合分析(统合分析)
- 已收录 9 项
这些评等总结了关於该理論已发表的文獻,而非以此理論建构的任何单一测验的品质。它们是根据下方所列来源所作的編輯判斷,並會隨著证据累积而變化。
历史背景
Bech developed the index from the WHO's regional work on wellbeing measurement in the 1990s, with the five-item version emerging from a longer instrument used in a diabetes study. It was adopted in European health surveys and by the WHO Regional Office for Europe. Topp and colleagues' 2015 systematic review, covering more than two hundred studies, established its validity across clinical and general populations and settled its status as both a wellbeing measure and — despite containing no symptom items — an effective depression screen.
构念
Mental Well-Being
Positive mental well-being as the proportion of a recent period spent in five positive states: cheerful and in good spirits, calm and relaxed, active and vigorous, waking rested, and finding daily life filled with things that interest you (WHO, 2024; DepCare Project, 1998). It is defined by presence, not by the absence of symptoms, which is why a low reading is an absence of positive states rather than a symptom count. A current state that moves with circumstances, read against a published cutoff and never as a diagnosis.
工具
- The World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index(WHO-5)World Health Organization; Bech, P. (original development)2024
基于此理论的测试
实际应用
The index is used in population wellbeing surveillance, in primary care as a low-burden first-stage screen, and as an outcome in trials where symptom reduction is not the only goal. Its scoring onto a 0 to 100 scale with a threshold of 50 makes it easy to communicate. It is used in diabetes, cardiology and oncology care to monitor psychological wellbeing without requiring patients to answer questions about mental illness, which improves completion rates in settings where that framing is a barrier.
如何测量
Five positively worded frequency items over the past two weeks, summed and transformed to a 0-100 scale; a score below 50 indicates further assessment is warranted, not a diagnosis.
批评与局限
Five items across five distinct facets means low content coverage for any one of them, and the scale cannot distinguish which aspect of wellbeing is low. The threshold of 50 for further assessment is a screening convention, not a diagnostic boundary, and it is frequently reported as though it identified cases. Positively worded items are subject to acquiescence and to culturally patterned norms about expressing positive emotion, complicating cross-national comparison. The two-week window also makes it a state measure often misread as a stable characteristic.
重要文献
- Topp, C. W., Ostergaard, S. D., Sondergaard, S. & Bech, P.. (2015). The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: A systematic review of the literature. 10.1159/000376585
- Bech, P., Olsen, L. R., Kjoller, M. & Rasmussen, N. K.. (2003). Measuring well-being rather than the absence of distress symptoms: A comparison of the SF-36 Mental Health subscale and the WHO-Five Well-Being Scale. 10.1002/mpr.145
- Bech, P.. (1998). Mastering Depression in Primary Care.