Values in Action Classification of Character Strengths
Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P. · 2004
別名: VIA-IS · Character Strengths · Values in Action · VIA Character Strengths · Values in Action Character Strengths
The Values in Action (VIA) Classification identifies 24 character strengths organized under six broad virtues: wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence. Developed as the positive psychology counterpart to the DSM, it resulted from a three-year project involving 55 social scientists who reviewed philosophical, religious, and psychological writings spanning 2,500 years. The VIA Survey has been completed by millions of people worldwide and research consistently links strengths like hope, zest, gratitude, love, and curiosity to life satisfaction.
Classification of 24 character strengths organized under 6 core virtues, developed as a positive-psychology counterpart to clinical diagnostic taxonomies.
- 出典:
- Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
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構成概念について読むことは何であるかを教えてくれます。検証済み測定具はそこでの自分の位置を教えてくれます。無料で受けられ、数分で結果が出ます。
エビデンス概要
- 実証的サポート
- 中程度のエビデンス
- 再現性
- 部分的に再現
- 異文化
- ほぼ普遍的
- メタ分析
- 15件索引済み
これらの評価は、理論に関する公開文献を要約したもので、それに基づいて構築された個々のテストの品質ではありません。以下に記載された出典に基づく編集判断であり、エビデンスが蓄積されるにつれて変化します。
歴史的背景
The VIA Classification emerged from Martin Seligman's founding of positive psychology as a formal discipline in 2000, alongside Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Seligman and Christopher Peterson led a systematic review of virtue traditions across philosophy, theology, and psychology spanning 2,500 years to identify universally valued character strengths. The 2004 handbook 'Character Strengths and Virtues' was explicitly designed as a positive counterpart to the DSM's classification of mental disorders, shifting scientific attention from deficits to strengths.
構成概念
美的鑑賞
The character strength of noticing and being moved by beauty and excellence — in nature, in art, and in skilled performance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It describes being interrupted by something well made, not taste or knowledge about art.
愛する力
The character strength of valuing close relationships and being able both to give and to receive affection and care (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The receiving side is often the harder half: accepting care means letting someone else matter that much.
市民性/チームワーク
The character strength of loyalty to a group and pulling one's weight in something collective (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not sociability — it often shows up in people who dislike parties — and a low score can mean independence rather than distance.
好奇心
The character strength of taking interest in ongoing experience for its own sake — the breadth of appetite for the new (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It sits close to love of learning without being the same: curiosity opens the door, love of learning keeps a person in the room.
公正性
The character strength of treating all people the same according to notions of fairness and justice, without letting personal feelings bias decisions about others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real test is consistency under pressure: whether the rules bend for people one likes or dislikes.
許し/慈悲
The character strength of forgiving those who have done wrong and giving people a second chance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about what happens after being hurt: whether the account closes or stays open.
感謝
The character strength of being aware of and thankful for the good things that happen (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is a habit of noticing rather than a mood, and it is one of the strengths that tends to move with practice.
希望/楽観性
The character strength of expecting the best in the future and working to achieve it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is expectation, not cheerfulness: a default forecast that leans favorable, as opposed to rehearsing the bad outcome.
ユーモア/遊び心
The character strength of liking to laugh and to bring smiles to other people — producing lightness, not merely appreciating it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its clearest expression is producing it when things are grim.
勤勉/粘り強さ
The character strength of finishing what one starts and persisting in a course of action despite obstacles (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most likely to be praised by others and least likely to be enjoyed by its owner.
誠実/正直
The character strength of speaking the truth and presenting oneself in a genuine way (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real content is the expensive case: keeping one's word, and the truth, when doing so costs something.
判断力/開放性
The character strength of thinking things through, examining them from all sides, and weighing evidence before deciding (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberation rather than intelligence: the disposition to slow down and look for the other side on purpose.
親切/寛大さ
The character strength of doing favors and good deeds for others as a disposition rather than a transaction (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). What separates the two is patience with other people's problems and kindness that does not keep score.
リーダーシップ
The character strength of encouraging a group to get things done while maintaining good relations within it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about making a group work, not about authority or being in front.
学習への愛
The character strength of mastering new skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge for their own sake, outside any requirement (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It differs from curiosity in duration: curiosity opens the door, this strength keeps the person in the room.
謙虚さ
The character strength of letting one's accomplishments speak for themselves (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not low self-regard: the question is whether accomplishments need an audience, and a low score is not arrogance — some people simply enjoy being seen.
独創性/創造性
The character strength of thinking of novel and productive ways to do things (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is appetite for doing things differently rather than artistic talent; contentment with the method that already works is a preference, not a deficit.
見識/知恵
The character strength of being able to provide wise counsel and to see the world in a way that makes sense to oneself and others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is largely confirmed from the outside — by whether people bring their hard questions to the person.
慎重さ
The character strength of being careful about one's choices and considering consequences before acting (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). A low score is not carelessness: liking risk is a preference, not a failure to notice that it exists.
自己調整
The character strength of regulating what one feels and does — discipline over appetites and impulses, and the ability to forgo a present pleasure for a future good (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength people most often wish were higher.
社会的/感情的知性
The character strength of being aware of the motives and feelings of other people and knowing what to say and do in social situations (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the reading, not what is done with it — it is not the same as warmth and does not have to be used kindly.
精神性
The character strength of holding coherent beliefs about a higher purpose and the meaning of life (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberately wide, covering religious belief and a secular sense of purpose alike; a low score describes a worldview, not a deficiency in one.
勇気
The character strength of not shrinking from threat, challenge, or difficulty, and of speaking up for what is right even when it costs (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The price is what separates it from simply having opinions.
熱意/活力
The character strength of approaching life with excitement and energy — feeling alive and activated (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most tied to physical state, so a low reading is worth interpreting alongside sleep, health, and recent months rather than as a fixed trait.
機器
- IPIP-VIA-R Short Scales(IPIP-VIA-R)Bluemke, Partsch, Saucier & Lechner2021
この理論に基づくテスト
実践的応用
The VIA Classification is widely used in coaching, therapy, and education to help individuals identify and leverage their signature strengths for greater well-being and performance. Strengths-based interventions have shown significant effects on well-being and reduced depression in clinical and non-clinical populations. The framework is also applied in organizational development, school counseling programs, and community health interventions across diverse cultural contexts.
測定方法
The 24 strengths were identified through expert review of philosophical, religious, and psychological traditions rather than through empirical factor analysis, which partly explains the mismatch between the theoretical six-virtue structure and empirical factor solutions.
批評と制限事項
The most persistent criticism concerns the factor structure: although 24 strengths are mapped to six virtues, empirical factor analyses typically recover three to five factors rather than the proposed six-virtue structure, undermining the theoretical foundation. The VIA Survey has been criticized for idiomatic item wording that threatens cross-cultural translatability and contributes to inconsistent factor-analytic results across language adaptations. Several strengths -- such as zest, social intelligence, fairness, hope, and humor -- show relatively low or diffuse factor loadings, raising questions about their distinctiveness as separate constructs.
主要文献
- Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
- Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Strengths of Character and Well-Being. 10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748
- Niemiec, R. M.. (2013). VIA Character Strengths: Research and Practice (The First 10 Years). 10.1007/978-94-007-4611-4_2
- McGrath, R. E.. (2015). Character Strengths in 75 Nations: An Update. 10.1080/17439760.2014.888580
- Seligman, M. E. P. & Csikszentmihalyi, M.. (2000). Positive Psychology: An Introduction. 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5