Self-Compassion Theory
Neff, K. D. · 2003
เป็นที่รู้จักในชื่อ: Self-Compassion (Neff)
Self-compassion is defined as a healthy stance toward oneself in moments of failure or suffering, composed of three bipolar components: self-kindness versus self-judgement, common humanity versus isolation, and mindfulness versus over-identification. Its theoretical selling point is that it delivers the benefits usually attributed to high self-esteem — resilience after failure, emotional stability — without self-esteem's costs, because it does not require favourable social comparison or contingent success. It is explicitly not self-pity, self-indulgence or lowered standards.
Theory defining self-compassion as a healthy self-attitude comprising three bipolar components: self-kindness vs. self-judgment, common humanity vs. isolation, and mindfulness vs. over-identification. Distinct from self-esteem in that it does not require positive self-evaluation.
- แหล่งที่มา:
- Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250.
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บริบททางประวัติศาสตร์
Neff introduced the construct and the Self-Compassion Scale in 2003, drawing the definition from Buddhist contemplative traditions and operationalising it for Western psychology. It arrived at a moment when the self-esteem movement was under sustained criticism — Baumeister and colleagues' 2003 review had just shown that high self-esteem predicted far less than had been claimed — and self-compassion was positioned as the better-behaved alternative. Mindful Self-Compassion, the associated training programme, followed in 2013 and moved the construct into clinical practice.
โครงสร้าง
Self-Kindness
Being warm and understanding toward oneself during suffering or failure rather than harshly self-critical (Neff, 2003).
Self-Judgment
Being harshly critical and intolerant of one's own shortcomings and inadequacies — the negative pole of self-kindness (Neff, 2003).
Common Humanity
Recognizing that suffering and personal inadequacy are part of the shared human experience, rather than isolating events that happen to oneself alone (Neff, 2003).
Isolation
Feeling cut off and isolated in one's suffering, as if one's problems are uniquely personal — the negative pole of common humanity (Neff, 2003).
Mindfulness
Holding painful thoughts and feelings in balanced awareness rather than suppressing or exaggerating them — a prerequisite for self-compassion (Neff, 2003).
Over-Identification
Becoming consumed by and merged with one's negative feelings, losing perspective on the broader context — the negative pole of mindfulness (Neff, 2003).
เครื่องมือ
- NOESIS Self-Compassion ScaleNOESIS2026
แบบทดสอบที่สร้างบนทฤษฎีนี้
การประยุกต์ใช้เชิงปฏิบัติ
Self-compassion is used as both a target and a mechanism in third-wave clinical interventions, with meta-analytic evidence for reductions in depression, anxiety and stress following compassion-focused training. In eating-disorder and body-image work it is applied as a counterweight to self-criticism. In performance domains it is used to address the belief that self-criticism drives improvement, which the evidence does not support. It is well suited to self-knowledge because the three components identify which part of the response to failure is doing the damage.
วิธีการวัดผล
Measured with a self-report Likert scale (26-item long form or 12-item short form) yielding six subscales; because of the factor-structure dispute, positive and negative components are best read separately as well as combined.
ข้อวิจารณ์และข้อจำกัด
The most substantial dispute is structural. Neff scores a total self-compassion score by reverse-coding the negative poles, but multiple independent factor analyses find that the negative items (self-judgement, isolation, over-identification) form a separate factor that carries most of the correlation with psychopathology. Critics including Muris and Petrocchi argue that the total score is therefore partly a repackaged measure of self-criticism, and that its association with lower depression is close to tautological. Neff has defended the bifactor solution; the disagreement is unresolved and is the main reason the construct is rated moderate rather than strong.
ผลงานตีพิมพ์สำคัญ
- Neff, K. D.. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. 10.1080/15298860309027
- Muris, P. & Petrocchi, N.. (2017). A critique of Neff's Self-Compassion Scale. 10.1002/cpp.2005
- Ferrari, M., Hunt, C., Harrysunker, A., Abbott, M. J., Beath, A. P. & Einstein, D. A.. (2019). The efficacy of self-compassion interventions: A meta-analysis. 10.1007/s12671-019-01134-6