Five-Facet Model of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J. & Toney, L. · 2006
เป็นที่รู้จักในชื่อ: FFMQ Model
The five-facet model defines mindfulness as a multi-component disposition rather than a single quality: observing (noticing internal and external experience), describing (labelling experience in words), acting with awareness (attending to the present activity rather than acting automatically), non-judging of inner experience, and non-reactivity to inner experience. The five facets emerged empirically from a factor analysis of every mindfulness questionnaire then in circulation, which is the model's principal claim to authority — it is a synthesis of the measurement literature rather than another competing definition.
Model defining mindfulness as a multi-faceted construct comprising observing (noticing internal and external stimuli), describing (labeling experiences with words), acting with awareness (attending to current activity), non-judging (accepting experiences without evaluation), and non-reactivity (allowing thoughts/feelings to come and go without reacting).
- แหล่งที่มา:
- Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27-45.
ทำแบบทดสอบที่ผ่านการตรวจสอบซึ่งสร้างบนทฤษฎีนี้
การอ่านเกี่ยวกับโครงสร้างจะบอกคุณว่ามันคืออะไร เครื่องมือที่ผ่านการตรวจสอบจะบอกคุณว่าคุณอยู่ตรงไหน ทำฟรี ผลลัพธ์ภายในไม่กี่นาที
ภาพรวมหลักฐาน
- การสนับสนุนเชิงประจักษ์
- หลักฐานปานกลาง
- การทำซ้ำ
- ทำซ้ำได้ดี
- ข้ามวัฒนธรรม
- ส่วนใหญ่เป็นสากล
- การวิเคราะห์อภิมาน
- 13 ที่จัดทำดัชนี
คะแนนเหล่านี้สรุปจากวรรณกรรมที่ตีพิมพ์เกี่ยวกับทฤษฎี ไม่ใช่คุณภาพของแบบทดสอบใด ๆ ที่สร้างบนทฤษฎีนี้ เป็นการประเมินจากบรรณาธิการตามแหล่งข้อมูลด้านล่าง และจะเปลี่ยนแปลงเมื่อมีหลักฐานเพิ่มเติม
บริบททางประวัติศาสตร์
Mindfulness entered clinical psychology through Kabat-Zinn's Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in 1979 and Segal, Williams and Teasdale's Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in 2002, but the measurement literature fragmented quickly, with at least five instruments each operationalising the construct differently. Baer and colleagues administered all of them to the same sample in 2006 and factor-analysed the pooled item pool, producing the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. The 15-item and 24-item short forms followed and are now the standard research instruments.
โครงสร้าง
Observing
Noticing and attending to internal and external experiences such as sensations, cognitions, emotions, sights, sounds, and smells (Baer et al., 2006).
Describing
Labeling internal experiences with words — the ability to articulate feelings, thoughts, and sensations verbally (Baer et al., 2006).
Acting with Awareness
Attending to one's current activities rather than operating on autopilot or behaving mechanically (Baer et al., 2006).
Non-Judging of Inner Experience
Taking a non-evaluative stance toward one's thoughts and feelings — not labeling them as good or bad (Baer et al., 2006).
Non-Reactivity to Inner Experience
Allowing thoughts and feelings to come and go without getting caught up in or carried away by them (Baer et al., 2006).
เครื่องมือ
- NOESIS Mindfulness ScaleNOESIS2026
แบบทดสอบที่สร้างบนทฤษฎีนี้
การประยุกต์ใช้เชิงปฏิบัติ
The FFMQ is the standard outcome measure in mindfulness-based intervention trials and is used to test which facets mediate clinical change — evidence generally points to non-judging and acting with awareness as the active ingredients for depression and anxiety outcomes, not observing. In self-knowledge terms the facet breakdown is unusually actionable, because it separates noticing what is happening from being able to name it, and both from being able to let it pass without reacting.
วิธีการวัดผล
Measured with a self-report Likert questionnaire (FFMQ: 39 items, or 15/24-item short forms) yielding five facet scores; the total is contested and facet-level reading is preferred.
ข้อวิจารณ์และข้อจำกัด
The observing facet is the model's persistent anomaly: in people without meditation experience it correlates positively with psychological distress, reversing among meditators, so a total score is not comparable across those groups and is often computed without the facet. Self-report of mindfulness has a structural problem — the people least aware of their own inattention are least equipped to report it accurately — and correlations with behavioural attention measures are weak. The construct also overlaps with neuroticism reversed, and critics from contemplative traditions argue the operationalisation strips mindfulness of its ethical and intentional context.
ผลงานตีพิมพ์สำคัญ
- Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J. & Toney, L.. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. 10.1177/1073191105283504
- Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D. & Williams, J. M. G.. (2008). Construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. 10.1177/1073191107313003
- Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., Chapleau, M. A., Paquin, K. & Hofmann, S. G.. (2013). Mindfulness-based therapy: A comprehensive meta-analysis. 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005