認知強力なエビデンス

Social Cognitive Theory

Bandura, A. · 1977

別名: SCT · Self-Efficacy Theory

Social Cognitive Theory, anchored by the concept of self-efficacy, proposes that human functioning is the product of reciprocal interactions among personal factors (cognition, affect, biology), behavior, and environmental influences (triadic reciprocal determinism). Self-efficacy -- the belief in one's capability to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific outcomes -- is the central mechanism of human agency, shaped by four sources: mastery experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological/emotional states. Meta-analyses consistently show self-efficacy correlates strongly with performance (weighted r = .38 in work contexts) and is one of the strongest predictors of academic achievement and health behavior change.

Theory positing that self-efficacy — the belief in one's capability to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific outcomes — is the central mechanism of human agency. Generalized self-efficacy reflects a broad, stable sense of personal competence across domains.

出典:: Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
デジタルオブジェクト識別子 — ジャーナル記事への直接リンク。:: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191

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エビデンス概要

実証的サポート: 強力なエビデンス
再現性: 十分に再現
異文化: ほぼ普遍的
メタ分析: 50件索引済み

研究領域臨床心理学教育健康心理学組織心理学スポーツ心理学

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歴史的背景

Bandura introduced self-efficacy as a unifying construct in his 1977 Psychological Review article 'Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change,' building on his earlier social learning theory and the famous Bobo doll experiments of the 1960s. The broader Social Cognitive Theory was formally articulated in 1986 with 'Social Foundations of Thought and Action,' which expanded beyond observational learning to encompass self-regulation, forethought, and self-reflective capabilities as core features of human agency. Bandura's 1997 book 'Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control' provided the most comprehensive treatment of self-efficacy theory, consolidating two decades of research across clinical, educational, and organizational domains.

構成概念

一般的自己効力感

A broad and stable sense of personal competence to cope effectively with a variety of stressful or novel demands, rooted in Bandura's (1977, 1997) social cognitive theory. As operationalized by Schwarzer and Jerusalem (1995), generalized self-efficacy extends beyond task-specific beliefs to capture the optimistic self-belief that one can handle unforeseen challenges, recover from setbacks, and persist in the face of adversity across diverse life domains.

機器

NOESIS General Self-Efficacy ScaleNOESIS2026

この理論に基づくテスト

Self-Efficacy Assessment

Assess your confidence in handling life's challenges.

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実践的応用

In clinical psychology, self-efficacy interventions are central to cognitive-behavioral therapies for phobias, addiction recovery, and chronic disease management, where building mastery experiences and modeling are used to strengthen patients' beliefs in their coping abilities. In education, SCT informs instructional design through modeling, guided mastery, and self-regulated learning strategies that enhance student self-efficacy and academic performance. In organizations, SCT underpins training programs, leadership development, and goal-setting interventions, with the General Self-Efficacy Scale validated in over 25 countries and 30 languages for cross-cultural assessment.

測定方法

Self-efficacy is typically measured using domain-specific scales (e.g., academic self-efficacy, health self-efficacy) rather than general measures, following Bandura's recommendation that self-efficacy beliefs are task-specific. The General Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995) is the most widely used general measure, validated in 25+ countries.

批評と制限事項

A central criticism is that the distinction between self-efficacy expectations and outcome expectations is not always clearly differentiated, creating conceptual ambiguity in the theory's core constructs. Critics argue that SCT's breadth and complexity -- encompassing self-efficacy, outcome expectations, self-regulation, environmental factors, and triadic reciprocal determinism -- make it difficult to operationalize precisely and test as a unified theory, with most empirical research focusing narrowly on self-efficacy alone. Some researchers also note that SCT may underemphasize genetic, neurobiological, and structural/systemic barriers that constrain behavior regardless of personal efficacy beliefs, and that many foundational studies examined only short-term rather than long-term behavioral effects.

主要文献

Bandura, A.. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
Bandura, A.. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory.
Bandura, A.. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control.
Bandura, A.. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
Stajkovic, A. D. & Luthans, F.. (1998). Self-Efficacy and Work-Related Performance: A Meta-Analysis. 10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240