Values in Action Classification ng mga Kalakasan ng Pagkatao
Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P. · 2004
Kilala rin bilang: VIA-IS · Character Strengths · Values in Action · VIA Character Strengths · Values in Action Character Strengths
Tinutukoy ng Values in Action (VIA) Classification ang 24 na kalakasan ng pagkatao na nakaayos sa ilalim ng anim na malawak na birtud: karunungan, katapangan, pagkamakatao, katarungan, pagpipigil, at transcendence. Binuo bilang katapat ng DSM sa positive psychology, nagmula ito sa tatlong-taong proyekto na kinasangkutan ng 55 social scientist na sumuri sa mga akdang pilosopikal, panrelihiyon, at sikolohikal na sumasaklaw sa 2,500 taon. Milyun-milyong tao sa buong mundo ang nakakumpleto ng VIA Survey, at palaging iniuugnay ng pananaliksik ang mga kalakasang tulad ng pag-asa, sigla, pasasalamat, pagmamahal, at pagkamausisa sa kasiyahan sa buhay.
Klasipikasyon ng 24 na kalakasan ng pagkatao na nakaayos sa ilalim ng 6 na pangunahing birtud, na binuo bilang katapat sa positive psychology ng mga klinikal na diyagnostikong taksonomiya.
- Pinagmulan:
- Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
Sumagot ng napatunayang pagsusulit na nakabatay sa teoryang ito
Ang pagbabasa tungkol sa isang konstruk ay nagsasabi kung ano ito. Ang isang napatunayang instrumento ay nagsasabi kung nasaan ka rito. Libreng sagutan, may resulta sa loob ng ilang minuto.
Ebidensya sa isang sulyap
- Empirikal na suporta
- Katamtamang ebidensya
- Replikasyon
- Bahagyang na-replicate
- Cross-cultural
- Halos pangkalahatan
- Mga meta-analysis
- 15 na-index
Binubuod ng mga markang ito ang nailathalang literatura tungkol sa teorya, hindi ang kalidad ng alinmang pagsusulit na nakabatay rito. Ito ay mga editoryal na paghatol batay sa mga sangguniang nakalista sa ibaba, at nagbabago ang mga ito habang dumarami ang ebidensya.
Kontekstong Pangkasaysayan
Lumitaw ang VIA Classification mula sa pagtatatag ni Martin Seligman ng positive psychology bilang pormal na disiplina noong 2000, kasama si Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Pinangunahan nina Seligman at Christopher Peterson ang sistematikong pagsusuri ng mga tradisyon ng birtud sa pilosopiya, teolohiya, at sikolohiya na sumasaklaw sa 2,500 taon upang matukoy ang mga kalakasan ng pagkatao na pinahahalagahan sa lahat ng dako. Ang handbook na 'Character Strengths and Virtues' noong 2004 ay tahasang dinisenyo bilang positibong katapat ng klasipikasyon ng DSM ng mga karamdamang pangkaisipan, na inilipat ang siyentipikong atensyon mula sa mga kakulangan patungo sa mga kalakasan.
Mga Konstruk
Pagpapahalaga sa Kagandahan
The character strength of noticing and being moved by beauty and excellence — in nature, in art, and in skilled performance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It describes being interrupted by something well made, not taste or knowledge about art.
Kakayahang Magmahal
The character strength of valuing close relationships and being able both to give and to receive affection and care (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The receiving side is often the harder half: accepting care means letting someone else matter that much.
Pagkamamamayan/Pagtutulungan sa Grupo
The character strength of loyalty to a group and pulling one's weight in something collective (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not sociability — it often shows up in people who dislike parties — and a low score can mean independence rather than distance.
Pagkamausisa
The character strength of taking interest in ongoing experience for its own sake — the breadth of appetite for the new (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It sits close to love of learning without being the same: curiosity opens the door, love of learning keeps a person in the room.
Pagkakapantay-pantay/Pagkamakatarungan
The character strength of treating all people the same according to notions of fairness and justice, without letting personal feelings bias decisions about others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real test is consistency under pressure: whether the rules bend for people one likes or dislikes.
Pagpapatawad/Awa
The character strength of forgiving those who have done wrong and giving people a second chance (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about what happens after being hurt: whether the account closes or stays open.
Pasasalamat
The character strength of being aware of and thankful for the good things that happen (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is a habit of noticing rather than a mood, and it is one of the strengths that tends to move with practice.
Pag-asa/Optimismo
The character strength of expecting the best in the future and working to achieve it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is expectation, not cheerfulness: a default forecast that leans favorable, as opposed to rehearsing the bad outcome.
Pagpapatawa/Pagkamapaglaro
The character strength of liking to laugh and to bring smiles to other people — producing lightness, not merely appreciating it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its clearest expression is producing it when things are grim.
Sipag/Tiyaga
The character strength of finishing what one starts and persisting in a course of action despite obstacles (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most likely to be praised by others and least likely to be enjoyed by its owner.
Integridad/Katapatan
The character strength of speaking the truth and presenting oneself in a genuine way (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). Its real content is the expensive case: keeping one's word, and the truth, when doing so costs something.
Mahusay na Paghuhusga/Bukas na Isip
The character strength of thinking things through, examining them from all sides, and weighing evidence before deciding (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberation rather than intelligence: the disposition to slow down and look for the other side on purpose.
Kabaitan/Pagkabukas-palad
The character strength of doing favors and good deeds for others as a disposition rather than a transaction (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). What separates the two is patience with other people's problems and kindness that does not keep score.
Pamumuno
The character strength of encouraging a group to get things done while maintaining good relations within it (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is about making a group work, not about authority or being in front.
Pagmamahal sa Pagkatuto
The character strength of mastering new skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge for their own sake, outside any requirement (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It differs from curiosity in duration: curiosity opens the door, this strength keeps the person in the room.
Kababaang-loob/Pagpapakumbaba
The character strength of letting one's accomplishments speak for themselves (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is not low self-regard: the question is whether accomplishments need an audience, and a low score is not arrogance — some people simply enjoy being seen.
Orihinalidad/Pagkamalikhain
The character strength of thinking of novel and productive ways to do things (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is appetite for doing things differently rather than artistic talent; contentment with the method that already works is a preference, not a deficit.
Pananaw/Karunungan
The character strength of being able to provide wise counsel and to see the world in a way that makes sense to oneself and others (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is largely confirmed from the outside — by whether people bring their hard questions to the person.
Pagkamaingat
The character strength of being careful about one's choices and considering consequences before acting (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). A low score is not carelessness: liking risk is a preference, not a failure to notice that it exists.
Pagpipigil sa Sarili
The character strength of regulating what one feels and does — discipline over appetites and impulses, and the ability to forgo a present pleasure for a future good (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength people most often wish were higher.
Panlipunan/Emosyonal na Talino
The character strength of being aware of the motives and feelings of other people and knowing what to say and do in social situations (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the reading, not what is done with it — it is not the same as warmth and does not have to be used kindly.
Espiritwalidad
The character strength of holding coherent beliefs about a higher purpose and the meaning of life (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is deliberately wide, covering religious belief and a secular sense of purpose alike; a low score describes a worldview, not a deficiency in one.
Kagitingan/Katapangan
The character strength of not shrinking from threat, challenge, or difficulty, and of speaking up for what is right even when it costs (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). The price is what separates it from simply having opinions.
Sigla/Kasiglahan
The character strength of approaching life with excitement and energy — feeling alive and activated (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). It is the strength most tied to physical state, so a low reading is worth interpreting alongside sleep, health, and recent months rather than as a fixed trait.
Mga Instrumento
- IPIP-VIA-R Maiikling Sukatan(IPIP-VIA-R)Bluemke, Partsch, Saucier & Lechner2021
Mga pagsusulit na nakabatay sa teoryang ito
Mga Praktikal na Aplikasyon
Malawakang ginagamit ang VIA Classification sa coaching, therapy, at edukasyon upang tulungan ang mga indibidwal na tukuyin at gamitin ang kanilang mga pangunahing kalakasan para sa mas mataas na kagalingan at pagganap. Ang mga interbensyong nakabatay sa kalakasan ay nagpakita ng makabuluhang epekto sa kagalingan at pagbaba ng depresyon sa mga klinikal at hindi klinikal na populasyon. Inilalapat din ang balangkas sa pagpapaunlad ng organisasyon, mga programa ng school counseling, at mga interbensyon sa kalusugan ng komunidad sa iba't ibang kultural na konteksto.
Paano Ito Sinusukat
Ang 24 na kalakasan ay tinukoy sa pamamagitan ng pagsusuri ng mga eksperto sa mga tradisyong pilosopikal, panrelihiyon, at sikolohikal sa halip na sa empirikal na factor analysis, na bahagyang nagpapaliwanag sa hindi pagtutugma ng teoretikal na estruktura ng anim na birtud at ng mga empirikal na factor solution.
Mga Kritika at Limitasyon
Ang pinakapatuloy na kritika ay tungkol sa istruktura ng mga salik: bagaman itinutugma ang 24 na kalakasan sa anim na birtud, karaniwang tatlo hanggang limang salik ang lumalabas sa mga empirikal na factor analysis sa halip na ang iminungkahing istrukturang may anim na birtud, na nagpapahina sa teoretikal na pundasyon. Pinuna ang VIA Survey dahil sa idyomatikong pagkakasalita ng mga aytem na nagbabanta sa pagkakasalin nito sa iba't ibang kultura at nag-aambag sa hindi pare-parehong resulta ng factor analysis sa iba't ibang bersyon ng wika. Ilang kalakasan, gaya ng zest, social intelligence, fairness, hope at humor, ang may medyo mababa o kalat na factor loading, na nagbubunsod ng tanong kung natatangi nga ba ang mga ito bilang magkakahiwalay na konstruk.
Mga Pangunahing Publikasyon
- Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification.
- Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P.. (2004). Strengths of Character and Well-Being. 10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748
- Niemiec, R. M.. (2013). VIA Character Strengths: Research and Practice (The First 10 Years). 10.1007/978-94-007-4611-4_2
- McGrath, R. E.. (2015). Character Strengths in 75 Nations: An Update. 10.1080/17439760.2014.888580
- Seligman, M. E. P. & Csikszentmihalyi, M.. (2000). Positive Psychology: An Introduction. 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5