Self-Monitoring
Snyder, M. · 1974
也被称为: Snyder Self-Monitoring
Self-monitoring is the individual difference in how far people observe and regulate their expressive behaviour to fit the social situation. High self-monitors treat social context as the guide to conduct, are skilled at reading what a situation calls for, and vary their presentation accordingly. Low self-monitors treat their own attitudes and dispositions as the guide, and present themselves consistently across situations even when consistency is socially costly. The construct's central prediction is a moderation effect: attitudes predict behaviour better in low self-monitors, situations predict behaviour better in high self-monitors.
Theory of individual differences in the extent to which people monitor and control their self-presentation and expressive behavior in social situations. High self-monitors adapt their behavior to situational cues; low self-monitors behave consistently with their inner attitudes.
- 来源:
- Snyder, M. (1974). Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30(4), 526-537.
- DOI:
- 10.1037/h0037039
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证据概览
- 实证支持
- 中等证据支持
- 重复验证
- 部分重复验证
- 跨文化性
- 具文化特定性
- 綜合分析(统合分析)
- 已收录 6 项
这些评等总结了关於该理論已发表的文獻,而非以此理論建构的任何单一测验的品质。它们是根据下方所列来源所作的編輯判斷,並會隨著证据累积而變化。
历史背景
Snyder proposed the construct in 1974 during the person-situation debate, when Mischel's critique had cast doubt on whether traits predicted behaviour at all. Self-monitoring was in part an answer: traits predict behaviour for some people more than others. The original 25-item true-false scale was later shown to be multifactorial rather than unidimensional, and Lennox and Wolfe published a revised measure in 1984. Gangestad and Snyder defended the original in 1985 and again in a 2000 review, arguing the scale measures a latent class rather than a continuous trait — a claim that remains a minority position.
构念
Self-Monitoring
The tendency to monitor and control one's expressive behavior and self-presentation in social situations (Snyder, 1974).
工具
- IPIP Self-Monitoring Scale(IPIP-SM)Goldberg, L. R. (IPIP), measuring constructs of Snyder, M.1999
基于此理论的测试
实际应用
In organizational research self-monitoring predicts emergence into leadership roles, boundary-spanning positions and network brokerage, since high self-monitors move more fluidly between groups. In sales, negotiation and client-facing work it predicts adaptability. For self-knowledge the useful reading is the trade-off rather than a better-worse ranking: high self-monitoring buys social effectiveness at some cost to felt authenticity and relationship depth; low self-monitoring buys consistency at some cost to situational fit.
如何测量
Measured with self-report items (25-item original or 18-item revised form); given the factor-structure evidence, subscale-level reading is more defensible than a single total.
批评与局限
The factor structure is the long-standing problem: the original scale reliably yields at least three factors (acting ability, extraversion, other-directedness) that have different correlates, so a single total score aggregates constructs that behave differently. The latent-class claim has little independent support. The construct also carries a cultural assumption — that situational self-adjustment is a distinctive individual difference — which travels poorly to cultures where contextual adjustment is normative rather than dispositional, and cross-cultural validation is correspondingly weak.
重要文献
- Snyder, M.. (1974). Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. 10.1037/h0037039
- Lennox, R. D. & Wolfe, R. N.. (1984). Revision of the Self-Monitoring Scale. 10.1037/0022-3514.46.6.1349
- Gangestad, S. W. & Snyder, M.. (2000). Self-monitoring: Appraisal and reappraisal. 10.1037/0033-2909.126.4.530