Mfumo wa Miamala wa Kukabiliana na Changamoto
Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. · 1984
Pia inajulikana kama: Lazarus & Folkman Coping
Mtindo wa miamala hufafanua kukabiliana kama juhudi za kiutambuzi na kitabia zinazobadilika ambazo mtu hufanya ili kudhibiti mahitaji yanayotathminiwa kuwa yenye kuchosha au kuzidi rasilimali zake. Tathmini mbili zinaongoza mchakato huu: tathmini ya msingi huuliza ikiwa hali hiyo inatisha, na tathmini ya pili huuliza nini kinachoweza kufanywa kuhusu hilo. Juhudi za kukabiliana hugawanyika kwa mapana katika mikakati inayolenga tatizo ambayo inalenga hali na mikakati inayolenga hisia inayolenga dhiki. Dai kuu la mtindo huu ni kwamba hakuna familia iliyo bora yenyewe, kulingana ni muhimu, ambapo ukabilianaji unaolenga tatizo unafaa kwa hali zinazoweza kudhibitiwa na ukabilianaji unaolenga hisia unafaa kwa hali zisizoweza kudhibitiwa.
Mtindo unaofafanua kukabiliana kama juhudi za kiutambuzi na za kitabia za kudhibiti mahitaji yanayotathminiwa kama yanayochosha au kuzidi rasilimali za kibinafsi. Hutofautisha mikakati inayolenga kutatua tatizo (kubadilisha hali) na inayolenga hisia (kudhibiti mwitikio wa kihisia), huku kukiwa hakuna mkakati unaofaa kwa wote.
- Chanzo:
- Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer.
Fanya jaribio lililothibitishwa linalotokana na nadharia hii
Kusoma kuhusu dhana kunakuambia ni nini. Zana ya kupima iliyoidhinishwa inakuambia pale ulipo. Ni bure kufanya, matokeo kwa dakika.
Ushahidi kwa muhtasari
- Usaidizi wa kimajaribio
- Ushahidi imara
- Urudufishaji
- Imenakiliwa vizuri
- Kitamaduni mtambuka
- Kwa kiasi kikubwa ni ya ulimwengu wote
- Tathmini jumuishi
- zilizoorodheshwa 17
Ukadiriaji huu unatoa muhtasari wa maandishi yaliyochapishwa kuhusu nadharia hii, si ubora wa jaribio lolote moja lililojengwa juu yake. Hizi ni hukumu za uhariri kulingana na vyanzo vilivyoorodheshwa hapa chini, na hubadilika kadiri ushahidi unavyokusanywa.
Muktadha wa Kihistoria
Lazarus aliendeleza mfumo wa tathmini kuanzia miaka ya 1960 kuendelea dhidi ya utamaduni wa matukio ya maisha unaotegemea kichocheo na mtazamo wa kisaikolojia wa kukabiliana kama mtindo uliowekwa wa ulinzi. Kitabu cha 1984 cha Stress, Appraisal, and Coping kiliunganisha maelezo ya miamala na kuanzisha kukabiliana kama mchakato unaobadilika ndani na kati ya vipindi. Ways of Coping Questionnaire iliiwezesha kufanya kazi, na hesabu ya COPE ya Carver, Scheier na Weintraub ya 1989 na Brief-COPE yake ya baadaye iliboresha uainishaji katika mikakati maalum zaidi, ambayo ni fomu inayotumiwa zaidi leo.
Dhana
Kujikengeusha
Turning to other activities — work, entertainment, daydreaming — to take one's mind off a stressor (Carver, 1997). Within the transactional model of coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) it manages the emotional response rather than the situation, offering relief without changing the demand.
Kukabiliana kwa Vitendo
Taking concrete steps to remove or reduce a stressor, concentrating effort on doing something about the situation (Carver, 1997). A problem-focused strategy in the transactional model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984); it relates to lower distress in adjustment research (Carver, 1997).
Kukataa Ukweli
Refusing to believe that the stressor is real, or acting as if it has not happened (Carver, 1997). An avoidance-oriented strategy that relates to higher distress in adjustment research (Carver, 1997).
Matumizi ya vilevi
Using alcohol or other substances to feel better or to get through the situation (Carver, 1997). An emotion-focused avoidance strategy; heavy reliance on it is the coping pattern most often flagged as warranting attention.
Msaada wa Kihisia
Seeking comfort, understanding, and moral support from other people (Carver, 1997). An emotion-focused use of one's social network, distinct from instrumental support, which seeks help with the problem itself.
Msaada wa vitendo
Seeking advice, information, or practical help from other people about what to do (Carver, 1997). The problem-focused counterpart of emotional support: the network is used to act on the situation rather than to feel better about it.
Kujiondoa Kitabia
Giving up the attempt to deal with the stressor, or abandoning the goals it interferes with (Carver, 1997). It relates to higher distress in adjustment research (Carver, 1997).
Kuachilia Hisia
Expressing negative feelings and letting emotions out to relieve distress (Carver, 1997). An emotion-focused strategy: it can release pressure without in itself addressing the demand that produced it.
Kutafsiri upya kwa mtazamo chanya
Reinterpreting the situation in a more positive light, looking for something good in what is happening (Carver, 1997). A meaning-changing strategy that relates to lower distress in adjustment research (Carver, 1997).
Kupanga
Thinking about how to confront the stressor and devising a strategy before acting (Carver, 1997). A problem-focused strategy and the close companion of active coping: one prepares the action, the other carries it out.
Ucheshi
Making jokes about the situation or treating it with lightness to reduce its weight (Carver, 1997). An emotion-focused strategy that changes the stance toward the stressor rather than the stressor itself.
Kukubali
Accepting the reality of the situation and learning to live with it (Carver, 1997). Within the transactional model, strategies are evaluated by their fit to the situation rather than as universally good or bad (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), and acceptance is the strategy addressed to what cannot be changed.
Dini/Kiroho
Turning to religious or spiritual beliefs and practices in search of comfort and guidance (Carver, 1997). It can function both as emotional support and as a source of meaning for the situation.
Kujilaumu
Criticizing and blaming oneself for what happened (Carver, 1997). It relates to higher distress in adjustment research (Carver, 1997), which distinguishes it from taking responsibility as a step toward action.
Zana za kupima
- Kipimo cha NOESIS cha Mikakati ya KukabilianaNOESIS2026
Majaribio yaliyojengwa kwenye nadharia hii
Matumizi ya Kimatendo
Mfumo huu unaegemeza mafunzo ya kudhibiti mfadhaiko na hatua za kisaikolojia-tabia, zote zikilenga tathmini na tabia. Katika utafiti wa magonjwa sugu na utoaji huduma, inaelezea kwa nini kuhimiza utatuzi wa matatizo kunaweza kuwa na matokeo mabaya katika hali ambazo kiuhalisia hazidhibitiki. Katika afya ya kazini inafahamisha tofauti kati ya hatua zinazobadilisha kazi na zile zinazombadilisha mfanyakazi. Kwa kujijua, pato muhimu ni wasifu wa kimkakati uliolinganishwa na uwezo wa kudhibiti, badala ya alama moja ya ufanisi wa kukabiliana.
Jinsi Inavyopimwa
Hupimwa kwa orodha za kujiripoti (Brief-COPE na zinazofuata) zinazoorodhesha mikakati maalum inayokadiriwa kutumika katika hali au kipindi kilichobainishwa; huripotiwa kama wasifu wa mkakati, kamwe si kama alama moja ya ubora wa kukabiliana.
Ukosoaji na Mipaka
Mawazo yanayozingatia tatizo dhidi ya hisia ni magumu sana, yanayozingatia hisia huweka pamoja mikakati thabiti kama vile kutathmini upya pamoja na ile isiyofaa kama vile kukataa na matumizi ya dawa za kulevya, ndiyo maana ushuru bora zaidi uliibadilisha. Madodoso ya kukabiliana na hali ya nyuma huuliza watu kukumbuka kile walichofanya, na ukumbusho huo unajenga upya na unalingana na hali ya moyo. Kwa sababu kukabiliana kwa asili kunategemea hali, orodha za kukabiliana na mtindo wa sifa hukaa kwa wasiwasi na nadharia zinazotoka kwayo. Maandiko haya kwa kiasi kikubwa yana uhusiano, hivyo kama kukabiliana kunasababisha matokeo au kuyaonyesha mara nyingi hakujatatuliwa.
Machapisho Makuu
- Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S.. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping.
- Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F. & Weintraub, J. K.. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. 10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
- Carver, C. S.. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: Consider the Brief COPE. 10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6