Nadharia ya Kujiamulia
Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. · 1985
Pia inajulikana kama: SDT
Nadharia ya Kujiamulia inaweka mahitaji matatu ya kisaikolojia ya asili, kujitegemea, umahiri, na uhusiano, ambayo kuridhika kwayo ni muhimu kwa motisha ya ndani, utendaji bora, na ustawi. Nadharia inatofautisha kati ya aina za motisha zinazojitegemea na kudhibitiwa katika mwendelezo kutoka ukosefu wa motisha kupitia udhibiti wa nje hadi motisha ya ndani. SDT imetumika sana katika elimu, huduma ya afya, mahali pa kazi, na michezo, kukiwa na ushahidi thabiti wa kisayansi wa kuwepo kwa mahitaji ya kisaikolojia ya msingi kwa wote.
Nadharia ya motisha inayozingatia mahitaji ya kujitegemea, umahiri, na uhusiano kama vichochezi vya motisha ya asili na ustawi.
- Chanzo:
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior.
Fanya jaribio lililothibitishwa linalotokana na nadharia hii
Kusoma kuhusu dhana kunakuambia ni nini. Zana ya kupima iliyoidhinishwa inakuambia pale ulipo. Ni bure kufanya, matokeo kwa dakika.
Ushahidi kwa muhtasari
- Usaidizi wa kimajaribio
- Ushahidi imara
- Urudufishaji
- Imenakiliwa vizuri
- Kitamaduni mtambuka
- Kwa kiasi kikubwa ni ya ulimwengu wote
- Tathmini jumuishi
- zilizoorodheshwa 60
Ukadiriaji huu unatoa muhtasari wa maandishi yaliyochapishwa kuhusu nadharia hii, si ubora wa jaribio lolote moja lililojengwa juu yake. Hizi ni hukumu za uhariri kulingana na vyanzo vilivyoorodheshwa hapa chini, na hubadilika kadiri ushahidi unavyokusanywa.
Muktadha wa Kihistoria
SDT ilitokana na kazi ya majaribio ya Edward Deci ya mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1970 kuhusu jinsi thawabu za nje zinaweza kudhoofisha motisha ya ndani (athari ya 'kuhalalisha kupita kiasi'), iliyochapishwa katika kitabu chake cha 1975 'Intrinsic Motivation.' Nadharia ilifafanuliwa rasmi mwaka wa 1985 wakati Deci na Ryan walipochapisha 'Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior,' kuunganisha nadharia ya tathmini ya utambuzi na mfumo mpana zaidi. Nadharia hiyo tangu wakati huo imepanuka katika nadharia ndogo sita zinazoshughulikia vipengele tofauti vya motisha na maendeleo ya haiba.
Dhana
Motisha ya ndani ya kujua
Engaging in an activity for the pleasure and satisfaction of learning, exploring and understanding something new (Vallerand et al., 1992, on Deci & Ryan's self-determination theory). The most autonomous end of the continuum: the activity pays for itself while it happens, and needs no outcome to justify it.
Motisha ya ndani ya kufanikisha
Engaging in an activity for the satisfaction of surpassing oneself and creating or accomplishing something (Vallerand et al., 1992). The fuel is progress that can be felt: the distance between what a person could do before and what they can do now, rather than any reward attached to it.
Motisha ya ndani ya kupata msisimko
Engaging in an activity for the sensations it produces: absorption, excitement, the pull of material that carries a person along (Vallerand et al., 1992). The most state-dependent of the three intrinsic motivations, and usually the first to fade under exhaustion.
Udhibiti wa Kutambua Thamani
Acting because the activity serves goals the person personally endorses, even when the activity itself is not enjoyable (Vallerand et al., 1992). Extrinsic by definition — the reason lies in an outcome — yet self-determination theory treats it as the most sustainable of the extrinsic regulations, because the reason is the person's own.
Udhibiti wa Ndani wa Shinikizo
Acting under pressure that has moved indoors: guilt, shame, self-worth and the need to prove something to oneself (Vallerand et al., 1992). Genuinely motivating and genuinely costly, it can produce years of effort alongside a persistent sense that none of it was enough.
Udhibiti wa Nje
Acting for consequences that come from outside: pay, credentials, requirements, the expectations of others (Vallerand et al., 1992). The least autonomous of the regulations and the most fragile — it stops when the reward does — which says nothing against it, since it carries most of the world's obligations.
Ukosefu wa motisha
The absence of any intention to act: the person no longer sees a connection between what they do and what it returns (Vallerand et al., 1992). A construct of its own on the self-determination continuum, not the reverse of the six motivations, and read inverted from them — a high score is a signal worth respecting, not a trait to develop.
Zana za kupima
- Kipimo cha NOESIS cha Motisha ya KujifunzaNOESIS2026
Majaribio yaliyojengwa kwenye nadharia hii
Matumizi ya Kimatendo
SDT inatumika sana katika elimu kuunda mazingira ya kufundisha yanayounga mkono kujitegemea ambayo yanaboresha ushiriki wa mwanafunzi na matokeo ya kujifunza. Katika huduma ya afya, afua zinazotegemea SDT zinahamasisha mabadiliko endelevu ya tabia ya afya kwa kukuza motisha ya kujitegemea ya kufanya mazoezi, lishe, na kufuata matumizi ya dawa. Katika mashirika, SDT hufahamisha mbinu za usimamizi zinazounga mkono kujitegemea na umahiri wa mfanyakazi, kuboresha kuridhika na kazi, utendaji, na kupunguza kuacha kazi.
Jinsi Inavyopimwa
Utafiti wa SDT unatumia mbinu mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na ubadilishaji wa majaribio wa msaada wa kujitegemea, tafiti za muda mrefu, mbinu za sampuli za uzoefu, na tafiti za kuvuka tamaduni. Kipimo cha Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) na Learning Climate Questionnaire ni miongoni mwa zana zinazotumika zaidi.
Ukosoaji na Mipaka
Ukosoaji unaoendelea zaidi unahusu ulimwengu wa kitamaduni, ambapo baadhi ya watafiti wakihoji kwamba msisitizo wa SDT kwenye kujitegemea unaakisi ubinafsi wa Magharibi na unaweza usitumike sawa katika tamaduni za kijamii ambapo kutegemeana kunathaminiwa kuliko uhuru. Wakosoaji pia wanatambua kwamba upana wa nadharia katika nadharia ndogo sita hufanya iwe vigumu kukanusha, na tofauti kati ya kujitegemea kama uidhinishaji wa hiari dhidi ya uhuru inabaki kuwa changamoto kimawazo. Baadhi ya watafiti wanahoji ikiwa mahitaji matatu ya kimsingi ni ya ulimwengu mzima na kamili, au ikiwa mahitaji ya ziada (kama vile usalama au kujithamini) yanapaswa kujumuishwa.
Machapisho Makuu
- Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M.. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. 10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7
- Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L.. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
- Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M.. (2000). The 'what' and 'why' of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. 10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
- Gagne, M. & Deci, E. L.. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. 10.1002/job.322
- Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L.. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness.