Adult Attachment Dimensions
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L. & Shaver, P. R. · 1998
別名: Attachment anxiety and avoidance · ECR framework
Adult attachment describes how people experience closeness and dependence in intimate relationships, organised along two continuous dimensions rather than discrete types: anxiety (fear of rejection and abandonment, vigilance toward a partner's availability) and avoidance (discomfort with closeness and dependence, preference for self-reliance). Low scores on both dimensions correspond to what the older literature called secure attachment. The dimensional reformulation replaced the four-category typology because factor analyses of attachment items consistently recovered two continua, not four clusters, and because categories discard information and produce unstable classification near boundaries.
Framework describing how adults experience closeness and dependence in intimate relationships, developed from Bowlby's and Ainsworth's attachment theory and extended to adult romantic bonds by Hazan and Shaver (1987). Self-report research converged on two continuous dimensions rather than categories: attachment anxiety (fear of abandonment and rejection, vigilance about the availability of close others) and attachment avoidance (discomfort with closeness, dependence and self-disclosure). Brennan, Clark and Shaver (1998) established the two-factor structure over a large item pool, and Fraley, Waller and Brennan (2000) refined the measurement by item response theory. Taxometric analyses in the same tradition (Fraley & Waller, 1998) support dimensions over attachment types, so positions on the two dimensions are read separately and never converted into a classification.
- 出典:
- Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350-365. Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.
- デジタルオブジェクト識別子 — ジャーナル記事への直接リンク。:
- 10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350
この理論に基づいて構築された検証済みテストを受ける
構成概念について読むことは何であるかを教えてくれます。検証済み測定具はそこでの自分の位置を教えてくれます。無料で受けられ、数分で結果が出ます。
エビデンス概要
- 実証的サポート
- 強力なエビデンス
- 再現性
- 十分に再現
- 異文化
- ほぼ普遍的
- メタ分析
- 12件索引済み
これらの評価は、理論に関する公開文献を要約したもので、それに基づいて構築された個々のテストの品質ではありません。以下に記載された出典に基づく編集判断であり、エビデンスが蓄積されるにつれて変化します。
歴史的背景
Attachment theory began with Bowlby's work on infant-caregiver bonds in the 1950s and 1960s and Ainsworth's Strange Situation classifications in the 1970s. Hazan and Shaver extended it to adult romantic relationships in 1987, initially with a three-category self-report measure. Through the 1990s the categorical approach came under sustained methodological criticism, and Brennan, Clark and Shaver's 1998 factor analysis of essentially every adult attachment item then in circulation resolved the field on two dimensions, yielding the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) scale. Fraley, Waller and Brennan's 2000 item response theory reanalysis produced the ECR-R, improving precision at the secure end of both dimensions.
構成概念
愛着不安
How much a person worries about being left, rejected, or mattering less to close others than those others matter to them: fear of abandonment, monitoring of a partner's availability, and the need for reassurance (Brennan, Clark & Shaver, 1998; Fraley, Waller & Brennan, 2000). A continuous dimension, read as the sensitivity of an alarm rather than as the size of someone's love, and never converted into an attachment type.
愛着回避
How uncomfortable closeness and dependence feel: reluctance to open up, defensive self-reliance, and unease as intimacy deepens (Brennan, Clark & Shaver, 1998; Fraley, Waller & Brennan, 2000). The dimension measures the price of being seen, not how much a person cares, and it is only moderately related to attachment anxiety, which is why the two are reported apart.
機器
- NOESIS Attachment Style ScaleNOESIS2026
この理論に基づくテスト
実践的応用
Attachment dimensions are used in couples therapy and relationship education to give partners a shared, non-pejorative vocabulary for recurring conflict patterns — the pursue-withdraw cycle, for instance, maps onto one anxious and one avoidant partner. In clinical work they predict therapeutic alliance formation and response to treatment. In research they are among the more reliable predictors of relationship satisfaction, conflict behaviour, sexual communication, and emotion regulation strategy. They are not diagnostic and should not be used for selection or screening.
測定方法
Measured with self-report Likert items scored on two continuous dimensions; scores are interpreted relative to a norm sample rather than against a cutoff, and no category label is assigned.
批評と制限事項
Self-report attachment measures correlate only modestly with interview-based measures such as the Adult Attachment Interview, and there is ongoing disagreement about whether they capture the same construct. Attachment dimensions overlap substantially with neuroticism and agreeableness, raising the question of incremental validity over the Five-Factor Model. Stability estimates are lower than the theory's emphasis on early-formed internal working models would predict, with meaningful change following relationship transitions. Most validation samples are Western, university-aged and in relationships, so generalisation to older adults, non-Western cultures and single respondents is less well established.
主要文献
- Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L. & Shaver, P. R.. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview.
- Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G. & Brennan, K. A.. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. 10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350
- Hazan, C. & Shaver, P.. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. 10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511