Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory
Gray, J. A. · 1970
別名: RST · BIS/BAS · Gray's Theory
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory grounds personality in the differential sensitivity of brain systems that respond to reward and punishment. The Behavioural Approach System responds to signals of reward and drives approach, impulsivity and positive anticipation; the Behavioural Inhibition System responds to conflict between competing goals and produces anxiety, risk assessment and behavioural interruption; the Fight-Flight-Freeze System responds to unconditioned aversive stimuli and produces fear and defensive action. Individual differences in the reactivity of these systems are proposed as the biological substrate of trait anxiety and impulsivity.
Neurobiological theory positing two fundamental motivational systems: the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), sensitive to punishment and novelty signals producing anxiety, and the Behavioral Activation System (BAS), sensitive to reward signals producing approach motivation, with BAS further divided into Drive, Fun-Seeking, and Reward Responsiveness.
- 出典:
- Gray, J. A. (1970). The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 8(3), 249-266.
- デジタルオブジェクト識別子 — ジャーナル記事への直接リンク。:
- 10.1016/0005-7967(70)90069-0
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エビデンス概要
- 実証的サポート
- 中程度のエビデンス
- 再現性
- 部分的に再現
- 異文化
- ほぼ普遍的
- メタ分析
- 8件索引済み
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歴史的背景
Gray proposed the theory in 1970 as a biologically grounded alternative to Eysenck's arousal-based model, rotating Eysenck's extraversion and neuroticism axes to align with what he argued were the real neural systems. The original formulation cast the BIS as responding to conditioned punishment signals. Gray and McNaughton's substantial 2000 revision reassigned the BIS to goal conflict detection of any kind and separated fear (FFFS) from anxiety (BIS) — a distinction with direct clinical implications. Measurement lagged the theory badly: Carver and White's widely used 1994 BIS/BAS scales predate the revision and operationalise the original model.
構成概念
行動抑制（BIS）
Sensitivity to punishment, novelty, and threat cues producing anxiety and behavioral inhibition (Gray, 1970).
BAS快楽追求
Impulsive approach toward novel and exciting stimuli — desire for new experiences and spontaneity (Carver & White, 1994).
BAS駆動
Persistent pursuit of desired goals — motivation to succeed, lead, and excel (Carver & White, 1994).
BAS報酬反応性
Positive emotional responses to reward cues — excitement, enthusiasm, and positive anticipation (Carver & White, 1994).
機器
- IPIP BIS/BAS Scales(IPIP-BIS/BAS)Goldberg, L. R. (IPIP), measuring constructs of Gray, J. A. and Carver, C. S. & White, T. L.1999
この理論に基づくテスト
実践的応用
The theory underpins the clinical distinction between fear-based and anxiety-based disorders and predicts differential response to anxiolytic drugs, which reduce BIS-mediated anxiety without much affecting FFFS-mediated fear. High BAS sensitivity is associated with substance use, mania risk and reward-driven impulsivity; high BIS sensitivity with anxiety disorders and behavioural inhibition. In self-knowledge terms it separates two experiences ordinary language conflates: being stopped by conflict about what to do, and being frightened by a specific thing.
測定方法
Measured with self-report Likert scales yielding separate BIS and BAS scores (with BAS usually split into drive, fun seeking and reward responsiveness); FFFS is separated only in post-2000 instruments.
批評と制限事項
The gap between theory and measurement is the central problem: nearly all published data use scales built for the 1970 model, which the 2000 revision superseded, so much of the evidence base tests an obsolete formulation. Post-revision instruments such as the RST-PQ are newer and less well normed. The BAS is consistently multifactorial rather than unitary. Attempts to map the systems onto specific neural circuitry have produced inconsistent results, and the septo-hippocampal localisation of the BIS is less secure than early accounts implied.
主要文献
- Gray, J. A.. (1970). The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion. 10.1016/0005-7967(70)90069-0
- Gray, J. A. & McNaughton, N.. (2000). The Neuropsychology of Anxiety, 2nd edition.
- Carver, C. S. & White, T. L.. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. 10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319