人格强证据支持

HEXACO人格结构模型

Lee, K. & Ashton, M. C. · 2004

也被称为: HEXACO-PI-R · HEXACO

HEXACO模型提出了六个人格维度:诚实-谦逊(H)、情绪性(E)、外向性(X)、宜人性(A)、尽责性(C)和经验开放性(O)。该模型源于七种语言的跨语言词汇研究,这些研究一致发现了一个大五模型未能捕捉到的第六因素。诚实-谦逊维度是该模型的关键区分特征,反映了个体在真诚、公平、避免贪婪和谦虚方面的差异,并被证明在预测反生产性工作场所行为和黑暗三联征特质方面尤为有效。

在五因素模型基础上扩展出独立诚实-谦逊因素的六量表特质模型。

来源:: Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO Personality Inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(2), 329-358.
DOI:: 10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_8

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证据概览

实证支持: 强证据支持
重复验证: 已充分重复验证
跨文化性: 大致具普遍性
綜合分析(统合分析): 已收录 15 项

研究領域人格组织心理学跨文化心理学倫理与誠信研究

这些评等总结了关於该理論已发表的文獻,而非以此理論建构的任何单一测验的品质。它们是根据下方所列来源所作的編輯判斷,並會隨著证据累积而變化。

历史背景

HEXACO模型出现于20世纪90年代末至21世纪初,当时阿什顿(Ashton)和李(Lee)重新分析了荷兰语、法语、德语、匈牙利语、意大利语、韩语和波兰语的词汇人格研究。与主要基于英语研究开发的大五模型不同,HEXACO从一开始就被构建为一个跨语言模型。2004年出版的《HEXACO人格量表》将该框架正式化,2007年发表于《人格与社会心理学评论》的文章确立了其相对于大五模型的理论和实践优势。

构念

诚实-谦逊

A personality dimension unique to the HEXACO model (Ashton & Lee, 2004) that captures individual differences in sincerity, fairness, greed avoidance, and modesty, representing the tendency to be genuine in interpersonal relations, unwilling to manipulate or exploit others for personal gain, and uninterested in lavish wealth or special privileges. Distinct from Big Five Agreeableness, it focuses specifically on moral character and the propensity toward or against exploitation and entitlement.

情绪性

The HEXACO model's (Ashton & Lee, 2004) counterpart to Big Five Neuroticism, encompassing facets of fearfulness, anxiety, dependence, and sentimentality, and reflecting the tendency to experience fear of physical danger, worry about minor problems, need emotional support from others, and form strong emotional bonds. Unlike FFM Neuroticism, HEXACO Emotionality excludes anger-related content (placed under HEXACO Agreeableness) and includes prosocial emotional sensitivity such as empathic concern and attachment.

外向性

The HEXACO model's Extraversion dimension (Ashton & Lee, 2004) encompasses social self-esteem, social boldness, sociability, and liveliness, reflecting positive self-regard, confidence in leading or addressing groups, enjoyment of social gatherings, and the experience of enthusiasm and energy. While broadly similar to FFM Extraversion, it places somewhat greater emphasis on self-confidence and social assuredness as core components.

宜人性

The HEXACO model's Agreeableness dimension (Ashton & Lee, 2004) comprises forgivingness, gentleness, flexibility, and patience, reflecting the tendency to overlook others' wrongdoings, be lenient in judging others, accommodate to the wishes of others, and control one's temper. It differs from FFM Agreeableness by incorporating anger-proneness (moved from Neuroticism) and excluding morality-related content (moved to Honesty-Humility), making it a narrower construct focused on interpersonal tolerance and emotional equanimity.

尽责性

The HEXACO model's Conscientiousness dimension (Ashton & Lee, 2004) comprises organization, diligence, perfectionism, and prudence, reflecting the tendency to organize one's time and physical surroundings, work in a disciplined way toward goals, strive for accuracy and perfection, and deliberate carefully when making decisions. Closely aligned with FFM Conscientiousness in content and structure.

经验开放性

The HEXACO model's Openness to Experience dimension (Ashton & Lee, 2004) comprises aesthetic appreciation, inquisitiveness, creativity, and unconventionality, reflecting the tendency to become absorbed in the beauty of art and nature, be curious about various knowledge domains, use imagination freely, and take an interest in unusual ideas or people. Closely corresponds to FFM Openness, though it emphasizes unconventionality as a distinct facet.

工具

IPIP-HEXACO(IPIP-HEXACO)Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & Goldberg, L. R.2007

基于此理论的测试

HEXACO六因素人格测评

六因素人格测评，包括超越大五的诚实-谦逊维度。

了解更多 →

实际应用

HEXACO模型在组织情境中的人员选拔和诚信筛查方面尤为有价值,其诚实-谦逊维度在预测反生产性工作行为、伦理决策和黑暗三联征特质方面优于大五测量工具。该模型被用于研究工作场所和社会情境中的亲社会与反社会倾向。HEXACO-PI-R量表可供研究者和从业者免费使用,促进了其在学术和应用环境中的推广。

如何测量

该模型基于对七种语言中人格描述性形容词的因素分析所进行的跨语言词汇研究开发而成,而非仅基于英语等单一语言。

批评与局限

诚实-谦逊维度并非总能得到一致的重复验证,一些研究发现了不一致的第六因素,如享乐主义-自发性。与其他基于特质的模型一样,HEXACO依赖于因素分析,而因素分析并不总能确保结果的可重复性,并且可能因所用测量工具的不同而在样本间存在差异。由于许多语言和文化尚未得到评估,普适性的主张应谨慎看待,一些批评者还认为条目措辞可能过度强调社会称许性,从而可能影响诚实-谦逊因素的独立性。

重要文献

Lee, K. & Ashton, M. C.. (2004). Psychometric Properties of the HEXACO Personality Inventory. 10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_8
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Perugini, M., Szarota, P., De Vries, R. E., Di Blas, L., Boies, K., & de Raad, B.. (2004). A Six-Factor Structure of Personality-Descriptive Adjectives: Solutions from Psycholexical Studies in Seven Languages. 10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.356
Ashton, M. C. & Lee, K.. (2007). Empirical, Theoretical, and Practical Advantages of the HEXACO Model of Personality Structure. 10.1177/1088868306294907
Ashton, M. C. & Lee, K.. (2001). A Theoretical Basis for the Major Dimensions of Personality. 10.1002/per.417
Lee, K. & Ashton, M. C.. (2008). The HEXACO Personality Factors in the Indigenous Personality Lexicons of English and 11 Other Languages. 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00512.x