Sifa Tatu Mbaya za Haiba (Dark Triad)
Paulhus, D. L. & Williams, K. M. · 2002
Pia inajulikana kama: Dark Triad · SD3 framework · Dark Tetrad
Dark Triad inakusanya sifa tatu za haiba zenye kuchukiza kijamii lakini chini ya kliniki ambazo zilisomwa katika fasihi tofauti: Machiavellianism (udanganyifu wa kimkakati, mtazamo wa dharau, mtazamo wa kimkakati kwa watu wengine), narsisisimu (ukubwa, haki, hitaji la kupendwa) na saikopathia ya chini ya kliniki (ugumu, msukumo wa haraka, wasiwasi mdogo). Mchango wa Paulhus na Williams ulikuwa kupima yote matatu katika sampuli sawa ya idadi ya kawaida ya watu na kuonyesha yana uhusiano lakini yanatofautishwa kimajaribio, na ugumu kama msingi wa kawaida. Sifa ni vipimo vinavyoendelea katika idadi ya jumla ya watu, sio utambuzi.
Mfumo unaojumuisha sifa tatu za haiba zinazochukiza kijamii lakini za chini ya kiwango cha ugonjwa ambazo zilikuwa zimesomwa tofauti: machiavellianism (mbinu ya kimkakati, ya hila kwa watu), narsisi (kujiona mkuu na hitaji la kupongezwa) na saikopathi (msukumo wa haraka pamoja na uelewa mdogo wa hisia za wengine na ukosefu wa majuto). Paulhus na Williams (2002) walionyesha kwamba zote tatu zinaingiliana bila kuporomoka na kuwa moja, jambo ambalo hufanya ziwe na thamani ya kupimwa pamoja. Jones na Paulhus (2014) baadaye waliunda kipimo kifupi chenye uwiano sawa wa hizo tatu, ambacho urekebishaji wa orodha hii ya majaribio unafuata. Sifa hizi ni za kimwelekeo na za chini ya kiwango cha ugonjwa: kila mtu yuko mahali fulani kwenye zote tatu, alama za juu zinaelezea biashara badala ya ugonjwa, na utafiti umesema kuwa kile wanachoshiriki ni, kwa picha ya kioo, kipengele cha Uaminifu-Unyenyekevu cha mfano wa HEXACO.
- Chanzo:
- Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556-563. Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28-41.
Fanya jaribio lililothibitishwa linalotokana na nadharia hii
Kusoma kuhusu dhana kunakuambia ni nini. Zana ya kupima iliyoidhinishwa inakuambia pale ulipo. Ni bure kufanya, matokeo kwa dakika.
Ushahidi kwa muhtasari
- Usaidizi wa kimajaribio
- Ushahidi wa wastani
- Urudufishaji
- Imenakiliwa vizuri
- Kitamaduni mtambuka
- Kwa kiasi kikubwa ni ya ulimwengu wote
- Tathmini jumuishi
- zilizoorodheshwa 20
Ukadiriaji huu unatoa muhtasari wa maandishi yaliyochapishwa kuhusu nadharia hii, si ubora wa jaribio lolote moja lililojengwa juu yake. Hizi ni hukumu za uhariri kulingana na vyanzo vilivyoorodheshwa hapa chini, na hubadilika kadiri ushahidi unavyokusanywa.
Muktadha wa Kihistoria
Kila sifa ilitoka katika mapokeo tofauti: Umachiavelli kutoka kazi ya saikolojia ya kijamii ya Christie na Geis ya mwaka 1970, unarsisi kutoka uchanganuzi wa nafsi wa kitabibu kupitia hojaji ya Raskin na Hall ya mwaka 1979, na saikopathia kutoka utafiti wa kijinai wa Cleckley na baadaye Hare. Hadi mwaka 2002 sifa hizi hazikupimwa pamoja mara nyingi, hivyo hakuna aliyejua kama zilikuwa majina matatu ya kitu kimoja. Paulhus na Williams walizipima zote tatu kwa sampuli ya wanafunzi wa shahada ya kwanza na kugundua uhusiano kati yao uliokuwa wa juu kiasi cha kuhalalisha kuwa familia moja, lakini wa chini kiasi cha kudumisha tofauti zao. Dark Tetrad, inayoongeza ukatili wa kila siku, ilipendekezwa na Chabrol na wenzake mwaka 2009 na baadaye na Buckels na wenzake.
Dhana
Umakiavelli
A strategic, calculating orientation toward other people: planning ahead, managing what others know, choosing alliances for what they yield, and waiting for the right moment (Christie & Geis, 1970; measured alongside the other two traits by Jones & Paulhus, 2014). The dimension describes patience and manipulation together, which is why it predicts success in negotiation and a slow erosion of the trust that cannot be strategized into existence. It is subclinical: everyone sits somewhere on it.
Unarsisi
Grandiosity, a sense of being special, and a running need for admiration (Raskin & Hall, 1979; measured alongside the other two traits by Jones & Paulhus, 2014). Confidence recruits attention and attention feeds confidence, which is part of why the trait persists; the exposure is the dependence on the mirror, since criticism or someone else's turn in the light registers as injury. The subclinical trait measured here is not narcissistic personality disorder, which is a clinical diagnosis made by a professional through interview.
Saikopathia
Impulsivity and thrill seeking combined with low empathy and little remorse (Hare's tradition, in the subclinical operationalisation of Jones & Paulhus, 2014). Of the three, it is the one most consistently linked to the harshest outcomes, and also the one that reads as composure in a crisis. The score describes where impulse and distance are doing the deciding, on a dimension the general population varies along; it is not a forensic finding and not a clinical category.
Ukatili wa Kufurahia Mateso ya Wengine
Everyday sadism: finding other people's suffering appealing rather than merely tolerable (Buckels, Jones & Paulhus, 2013; added to the dark traits as the fourth member by Paulhus, 2014). The distinction from psychopathy is about reward and not about severity, in the source article's own words: where psychopathy is indifferent to suffering, sadism finds it attractive. In the subclinical population where it is studied, most of what the construct picks up is vicarious, an appetite for watching conflict in sport, in fiction and in games, together with a taste for cutting remarks. It is a continuous dimension of ordinary personality, not a diagnosis and not a forensic category, and research on subclinical samples has found little sign of psychological dysfunction attached to it.
Zana za kupima
- Kipimo cha NOESIS cha Utatu wa GizaNOESIS2026
- Tetradi Nyeusi Fupi(SD4)Paulhus, D. L., Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Jones, D. N.2021
Majaribio yaliyojengwa kwenye nadharia hii
Tathmini ya Dark Triad
Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy: kila mtu anakaa mahali fulani kwenye zote tatu. Kauli ishirini na saba ili kujua wewe unakaa wapi.
Jifunze zaidi →Jaribio la Dark Tetrad (SD4)
Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy na everyday sadism, zilizopimwa kwa vipengele 28 vilivyochapishwa vya Short Dark Tetrad.
Jifunze zaidi →Matumizi ya Kimatendo
Katika utafiti wa shirika utatu huu unatabiri tabia isiyofaa ya kazi, unyanyasaji mahali pa kazi, uamuzi usio wa kimaadili na, kwa narcissism haswa, kujitokeza katika nafasi za uongozi bila ufanisi unaolingana. Katika saikolojia ya kijamii inatabiri mkakati wa kuoana wa muda mfupi, uchokozi na tabia ya kijamii yenye gharama nafuu. Matumizi yake halali ya vitendo ni kujitambua na utafiti; kutumia alama za sifa nyeusi kuchuja wagombea wa kazi hakuungwi mkono vizuri, kunadanganywa kwa urahisi, na kunachukulia mwendelezo wa anuwai ya kawaida kana kwamba ni sifa isiyostahili.
Jinsi Inavyopimwa
Inapimwa kwa vipengele vya swali vya Likert vya kujiripoti kutoa alama tatu (au nne, katika matoleo ya Tetrad) zinazohusiana za kipimo kidogo; hakuna kiwango cha mpaka cha kimatibabu na hakuna tafsiri ya uchunguzi.
Ukosoaji na Mipaka
Ukosoaji mbaya zaidi ni urudiaji: uchanganuzi kadhaa unagundua kuwa mara tu Uaminifu-Unyenyekevu kutoka kwa mfumo wa HEXACO unapodhibitiwa, tofauti inayoshirikiwa katika utatu huu hupotea kwa kiasi kikubwa, na kupendekeza familia ni ugunduzi mpya wa kipengele kimoja cha chini cha Uaminifu-Unyenyekevu. Unarsisi ndiye mwanachama dhaifu zaidi, anayewiana na hao wengine wawili kwa uthabiti mdogo na wenye vipengele vinavyobadilikabadilika na vyenye kuchukiza. Vipimo vifupi vilivyofanya maandiko kuwa makubwa, Dazeni Chafu hasa, vimekosolewa kwa ufikiaji wa maudhui usiofaa. Kwa sababu vipimo vyote vya kawaida ni kujiripoti kwa uwazi, huathiriwa sana na usimamizi wa maoni katika mpangilio wowote muhimu.
Machapisho Makuu
- Paulhus, D. L. & Williams, K. M.. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. 10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
- Paulhus, D. L., Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D. & Jones, D. N.. (2021). The Dark Tetrad: Structural properties and location in the personality space. 10.1002/per.2195
- Christie, R. & Geis, F. L.. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism.